LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

Sb.elf..2-3.n 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



The NURSERY 



AND 



THE ORCHARD. 



A Practical Treatise on Fruit Culture. 



V) v 



ILLUSTRATED. 

*- 7 



By S. W. Peek, 
Proprietor Hartwell Nurseries, Hartwell, Georgia. 



ATLANTA, GEORGIA :* 

Jas. P. Harrison <& Co., Printers and Publishers. 

1885. 



Copyrighted according to Act of Congress, 
in the year 1885. 



«\ 



PREFACE. 

This little Booh, brief and plain, was not written for 
experienced Pomologists. 



INDEX. 



A 

Page. 

Annular Budding 25 

Apple 93 

Apricot 110 

B 

Blackberry 114 

Borers 88 

Apple 90 

Peach 88 

Budding 20 

C 

Canning Fruit 79 

Caterpillar 91 

Cherry 116 

Codling Moth 90 

Crossing and Hybridizing 70 

Cultivation 62 

Curculio 87 

Currant 123 

€uttings 43 

D 

Distances for Trees 52 

Dwarf Trees 83 



6 INDEX. 

E 

Evaporating Fruit 79 

F 

Fig 126 

G 

Gooseberry 128 

Grafting, Wax and Clay 36 

Grape 130 

Grape Wine 143 

Grafting 26 

By Approach 39 

Cleft 28 

Espalier 42 

Forks prevented from splitting 40 

Forming Letters 42 

Grafting the Grape 139 

New Heads on Old Trees 33 

Objects of 26 

Saddle 31 

Side Cleft 31 

Supplying New Roots 40 

Whip 35 

L 

Labeling 57 

Layers 45 

Laying Out Orchards 50 

LeConte Pear 173 

M 

Mulberry 153 

Mulching 59 



INDEX. 7 

N 
Nectarine 155 


Orange 158 

P 

Parts of Trees 9 

Peach 159 

Pear 171 

Pecan Nut 182 

Plum 186 

Pomegranate 192 

Preserving Cuttings 82 

Process of Growing 10 

Pruning 63 

Q 

Quince .193 

R 

Raspberry 196 

Renovating Old Orchards 80 

S 

Saving Girdled Trees 74 

Seed and Seedlings 14 

Strawberry 202 

Succession of Fruits 60 

T 

Thinning and Gathering Fruit 77 

Transplanting 53 

W 

"Wash for Fruit Trees 76 



CHAPTER I. 

THE PARTS OF TREES AND THEIR 
FUNCTIONS. 

A tree is a living body, composed of various parts, 
-which have certain functions to perform; and in order 
that it may be managed intelligently and successfully, 




Fig. l. 

it is necessary that the manner in which these offices are 
performed, and their effects upon the tree, be thoroughly 
understood. 

The organs of vegetation of a plant are root, stem and 
leaves, the first two of which are shown in figure 1. The 



10 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

root is the portion which takes nourishment from the 
soil and gives it to the plant. It is composed of the main 
or top root, A, its laterals, B, and the rootlets or fibres, 
C, C. It also has a large number of exceedingly minute 
root hairs, not visible to the unaided eye, which absorb 
moisture very rapidly. The old portions of roots that 
are covered with hard bark imbibe very little. Trees 
that naturally have very long tap roots are made to throw 
out laterals, thus inducing more rapid growth and greater 
fruitfulness, by shortening the tap root, which checks 
the growth at its extremity. 

In taking up trees, as it is usually done, the most of the 
smaller roots are destroyed, and unless circumstances are 
favorable and the tree has sufficient vitality to re-pro- 
duce them, growth cannot follow, and the tree dies- 
Hence, it is necessary to successful transplanting that 
the roots be injured as little as possible. 

The collar is the point of union between root and stem, 
just beneath the surface (D,fig. 1.) The stem is the part 
above the collar that sustains the branches. Both stem 
and branches are composed of an outer and inner layer 
of bark, sap wood, perfect wood and pith. Buds are 
formed on the tree, some of which develop into leaves 
and aid in its growth. 

THE PROCESS OF GROWING. 

The cells of the roots charge themselves with moisture 
from the soil, which is carried up through the sap wood 
until it reaches the leaves. Here, under the influence of 
the sun, it passes through important modifications and 
descends through the inner bark, depositing a layer of 



THE PARTS OF TREES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 11 

cambium, the most of which, when hardened, forms a 
layer of new wood, a small portion being converted into 
bark. This process is kept up during the season, and in 
many instances during the successive years of a long pe- 
riod, depositing more or less wood each year, according to 
the species and condition of the tree. 

It is an easy matter to determine the age of a tree by 
counting the layers or rings in a cross'section of the stem, 
each of which represents a year's growth. (See jig. 2.) 




Fig. 2. 

It will be seen from the process of growth that the roots 
and stem are mutually dependent upon each other, and 
that the success of the tree depends upon their being vig- 
orous and properly proportioned. The outer bark when 
young performs an office similar to that of the leaves, but 
in some trees it gradually becomes a hard substance, 
which only affords protection to the more delicate, under- 
lying parts. The heart or perfect wood adds stability to 
the tree, and the pith while young promotes growth by 
retaining moisture. In old trees the pith becomes dry, 
often disappearing entirely, without any apparent dam- 



12 



THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 



age. Thus we see that all parts of the organs of vegeta- 
tion perform important offices in the growth of trees. 

The leaf, which is so essential to the process of vegeta- 
tion, is represented in figure 3. It is composed of the 




Fig. 3. 

frame-work to support the leaf and supply it with sap, 
and the pulpy portion, which is composed of numerous 
cells. By the aid of powerful microscopes, an almost in- 
credible number of breathing pores are discovered 
on the leaf, through which air and moisture pass 
during vegetation. In addition to the buds, which de- 
velop into leaves, in bearing trees, are found other buds, 
the object of which is not the growth of the tree, but the 




Fig. 4.— Stick of buds, showing the leaf and fruit buds, single, 
double and triple. 

continuation of the kind. These buds (a and 6, fig. 4) ex- 
pand into flowers, and, after passing through various 



THE PARTS OF TREES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 13 

stages, develop into the ripened fruit, containing seeds, 
which, under the proper conditions, will produce trees 
similar to the one from which the bud was taken, but 
not necessarily producing fruit similar in all respects. 



CHAPTER II. 



SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS. 

Seeds are ripened ovules, which, under the proper con- 
ditions, develop into plants. They should be taken from 
plants that are healthy and vigorous, and to insure ger- 
mination require heat, air and moisture, but not light. 
The seeds of fruit trees are usually planted in nurseries 
for the purpose of raising stocks to be budded or grafted. 

Apple seeds are obtained by washing them from pom- 
ace taken from cider mills. They are then mixed with 
three or four times their bulk of sand, and kept in a cool, 
shady place till early spring. Freezing and thawing 
will not injure them. They are then planted in nur- 
sery rows, three and one-half feet apart, in good soil, at 
about the rate of one bushel per acre. For raising only 
a small number of seedlings, well ripened apples may be 
broken up and planted at once. Some of the seeds 
will come up the following spring. Excellent apple 
seeds are obtained from France and sold by dealers in a 
dry condition. They are prepared for planting in the 
spring by mixing them with sand and burying them in 
a hole one or two feet deep in the open ground in a layer 
a few inches in depth. If not received before February 
the seeds should be soaked in water a day or two before 
being buried. The hole is then covered securely with 
boards, and dirt placed on them a little higher than the 
surrounding surface. This is one of the numerous meth- 



SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS. 



15 



ods of managing dry apple seeds. Success with fruit tree 
seeds of any kind is more certain if they are not allowed 
to become dry. As soon as the buried seeds show signs 
of sprouting (fig. 5) they are taken up and planted. 




Fig. 5.— Apple^Seed and Young Plantlet. 



Handle them carefully and cover lightly. If to be 
grafted where they grow, leave the young seedlings about 
six inches apart ; if to be taken up and grafted in the 
hand, or transplanted to obtain another year's growth 
before being grafted, they can be left closer together and 
the rows need not be so far apart. 

If well cultivated, the young t seedlingscan be budded 
the ensuing summer, or grafted the following winter or 
spring. Any one desiring to propagate some valuable 
apples at once, and not having the stocks, can obtain 
them at verj r low prices from most nurserymen. The 
seeds from our native crabs make hardy stocks. A few 



16 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

ounces of seed obtained from a reliable seedman and 
treated as directed in this chapter will produce enough 
seedlings for an experiment which will usually result in 
the production of a number of first-class trees. Seedlings 
of all kinds require careful cultivation to insure a vigor- 
ous growth the first year. Healthy trees cannot be ob- 
tained from diseased seedlings. 

It is claimed that the Best Peach Seeds are obtained from 
the sound, ripe fruit of seedling trees, called natural, as 
distinguished from the seeds of budded and grafted trees. 
It is true, however, that the perfect seeds of strong, 
healthy budded or grafted trees produce seedlings on 
which excellent trees are grown. 

The seeds of the very early varieties are imperfect and 
will not germinate when planted. Do not allow peach 
seeds to become dry ; but as soon as gathered place them 
in a box or barrel mixed with dirt and leave exposed to 
the weather. Plant early in the fall, in moderately rich 
soil. Land that will produce one-half a bale of cotton 
per acre without manure is rich enough. It is a good 
plan to sow peas on the ground intended for peach seeds 
and turn under in the fall. Prepare the land the same as 
for cotton, and plant the seeds two or three inches apart 
in rows three and one-half feet distant. Cover two or 
three inches deep. 

If too thick when they come up in the spring, thin out 
the young seedlings to five or six inches apart. 

If seeds become dry and are not planted till spring, 
they should be cracked before planting. When scarce, it 
is a good plan to spread the seeds out on a smooth piece 
of ground in a layer a few inches deep, with a covering 
of three or four inches of sand. When exposed in this 



SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS. * 17 

manner to the freezes of winter they begin to sprout 
early in the spring. They are then taken up and sifted 
to separate them from the sand. 

All that are sprouted are planted at the distance the 
seedlings are desired to stand — from five to twelve 
inches, according to soil. The seeds that show no 
signs of sprouting are put back into the bed to remain a 
few days. By repeating this process several times the 
most of the seeds that would come up the first year can 
be separated from the others and planted. In this way a 
regular stand will be obtained. If planted in the fall 
there will be some irregularity. Seeds can be kept in 
good condition from summer till fall in a dry cellar mix- 
ed with dirt. If from any cause the seeds cannot be plant- 
ed early in the spring, sprouting may be retarded by 
burying them deep in the ground. Peach seeds from the 
North should be avoided, as the yellows, a fatal disease, 
prevails in some sections of the Northern States. Small 
quantities of peach seedlings may be obtained in spring 
by transplanting to nursery rows, the volunteers found 
under bearing trees, when one or two inches high. 

If the ground is moderately fertile and the seedlings 
are well cultivated they will be large enough to bud the 
summer after planting ; if to be grafted, it is done 
the following spring. Small peach seedlings can be 
taken up and grafted in the hand the same as apples, 
but they do not succeed so well. (See chapter on Whip 
Grafting.) Peaches are usually budded at the North. 

Plum and almond seedlings are used to some extent as 
stocks for peaches ; but on most soils the peach succeeds 
best in the United States, when budded or grafted on its 
own roots. The best soil for the peach is a good sandy 



18 THE NUESERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

loam — the worst a stiff clay. The trees are usually- 
planted in the orchard when one year old from the bud 
or graft. Thay are sometimes budded very early in the 
summer and transplanted when only one year from the 
seed. These are known as June buds. 

Pear Seeds are obtained and planted in the same man- 
ner as apple seeds, but owing to the difficulty of man- 
aging them successfully in this country, large quantities 
of both seeds and seedlings are brought from France. 
Persons desiring to raise a few pears for their own plant- 
ing can obtain French seedlings from nurserymen in 
this country, which can be budded or grafted after re- 
ceiving one or two years' careful cultivation in deep, rich 
soil. 

Plum and cherry seeds are treated in the same way 
as the seeds of the peach. 



CHAPTER III. 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 

Living at an age when thousands of choice varieties 
of fruits are in cultivation, we perhaps do not properly 
appreciate the labors of the pomologists, who, by- 
making it a life work, have transformed the insipid 
peach, the sour crab and the wild and worthless pear into 
the luscious fruits that we now have in our orchards and 
fruit gardens. A great deal of pleasure can be derived 
from the attention and constant watch-care which it is 
necessary to bestow upon plants in order to produce val- 
uable new varieties; but what most interests the ordi- 
nary farmer and fruit grower is to know what varieties 
of fruit, already in existence, are best adapted to his 
climate and his soil, and to understand the methods by 
which they are propagated. After a new and choice 
variety has been obtained, though at first but a single 
tree or plant, it may, in a short lime, be greatly mul- 
tiplied by budding, grafting, layers, suckers or cut- 
tings. Of these methods, budding and grafting are used 
principally for the propagation of fruit trees. They in- 
volve the same principles, produce like results and con- 
sist simply in the insertion of a bud, or stick of buds, 
of one tree into another in such a manner as to cause 
a union between the two, the consequent growth re- 
sulting in a new compound. 



20 



THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 



BUDDING. 

Budding is the process of producing a tree from a single- 
bud which will bear fruit like that of the tree from which 
the bud is taken. It is performed during the season of 
growth — from June till October, according to the climate 
and the habits of the tree. Young stocks are usually- 
budded during the summer after planting, at any time 
when the bark of the stock can be raised easily, and the 
buds of the variety it is desired to propagate are suffi- 
ciently matured, which is usually determined by the 
perfect formation of the bud on the end of the shoot. An 
excellent time for budding is soon after a rain when the 
trees are growing vigorously. The only implements 
necessary are a knife for trimming up the stocks, and a 
budding knife with a thin sharp blade (fig. 6), for mak- 




ing. 6. 



ing the incision in the bark and cutting off the bud. 
Some budding knives have an ivory handle, very thin at 
the end, which is used to raise the bark of the stock for 




Fig. 7. 

the insertion of the bud. To obtain buds, shoots of the 
present year's growth are taken from trees of the variety 
it is desired to propagate, and the leaves all cut away. 



BUDDING 



21 



Half an inch of the leafstalk is left for convenience in 
handling. The undeveloped buds on both ends of the 
shoots are cut off, and we then have a stick from the mid- 
dle of the shoots {fig. 7), which can be used at once, or 
packed away in damp cloth or moss to remain a few 
days. 

Success is more certain when they are used soon after 
they are cut from the tree. If the stock has limbs near 
the ground they, are cut away and a smooth portion of 
bark selected where the bud is to be inserted, usually on 




Fig. 8. — A row of buds as they appear after the trees have been 
cut off— budding carelessly done. 

the north side, from two to four inches from the ground. 
With the budding knife, make an upright incision in the 




Fig. 9. — A row of trees budded by a careful hand. 



bark an inch and a half long, and a cut at right angles 
across the top, the whole resembling the letter T {fig. 
10). The bark is then slightly raised {fig. 11.) 

Take the stick of buds in the left hand, and with the 
budding knife cut off a thin slice of bark, about an inch 
and a half long, having a bud and a small portion of wood 
attached {figs. 12 to 14). It is then pushed carefully 



22 



THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 





Fig. 10. — T-shaped incision Fig. 11.- Bark slightly raised 
made in hark. for insertion of buds. 

under the bark of the stock (fig. 15), and if the top 
reaches above the incision it is cut off so as to make a 




Figs. 12 to 14. — Manner of cutting off buds (14), a perfect bud 
after being taken off the limb (12), and one destroyed (13.) 



complete fit. Strips of bass bark, which can be obtained 
from dealers in nurserymen's supplies, are used for tying, 
so applied as to cover the entire wound, leaving only the 
bud exposed (fig. 16). Good bandages are obtained from 
the bark of the poplar tree by soaking it in water until 
the fibrous inner bark can be separated from the outer. It 



BUDDING. 



23 



is then torn into thin narrow strips to be used as needed. 
The bandages are softened before use by thorough wet- 
ting. They must be tied sufficiently tight to exert a 
moderate pressure without injuring the bark. If the 
operation is successful, the leaf stalk will drop off in a 
few days, the bud presenting a fresh, plump appearance. 
If the stocks are growing freely, it will be necessary to 
loosen the bandages in ten to fifteen days. In a month's 
time they may be removed entirely. 

Buds usually remain dormant till the following 





Fig. 15. — Bud inserted. 



Fig. 16.— Tying. 



spring, but if the stock is cut off several inches above the 
bud, soon after it has taken, and all other buds and shoots 
are kept rubbed off, it will make a veiy good growth 
during the first season. If well grown stocks are budded 
early in June, and cut off as suggested above, they will 
make perfect little trees by fall, and can be taken up with 
the roots almost entire, and when planted in the orchard 
often bear as early as much older trees set out at the 
same time. When buds are desired very early their ma- 
turity can be hastened by pinching off the ends of the 



24 



THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 



shoots. It is the general practice, however, not to cut 
off the stocks till the spring after budding, just as the 
buds begin to swell. They are then cut two or three 
inches above the bud, which is at once pushed into vig- 
orous growth, and when a few inches high should be tied 
to the stump to prevent its being broken by the wind, 
and to induce an upright growth (fig. 17). About a 




Fig 17. — The young shoot tied. 



month later the stump of the stock is cut down close to 
the bud, as represented by the small line ( fig 17). Some 
nurserymen do not practice tying up the young shoot. 
All sprouts that appear above or below the bud must be 
kept rubbed off. 

In the first or second fall after budding, the tree will be 
large enough to plant in the orchard, and will bear fruit 



BUDDING. 



25 



like that of the tree from which the bud was taken. 
That the operation may be successful, wood buds must 
always be selected. If fruit buds are used, they will 
bloom, but will not make any growth. There are three 
classes of buds : single, double and triple, but the single 
are used chiefly. The wood buds are easily distinguished 
by their being rather slender and pointed (c,fig. 4), while 
the fruit buds are of a fuller and more rounded form (a 
suidbjig. 4). Double and triple buds are found princi- 
pally in the stone fruits. The latter are numerous in the 
peach, the middle one always being a wood bud (d,Jig. 4) t 
The fruit buds of the peach are formed one year and, 
bloom the next; hence, both wood and fruit buds are 
found on the same shoot of the current year's growth; 
but on the new wood of the apple and the pear are 
usually found wood buds only. Fig. 18 represents another 




Fig. 18. 

method called annular budding, sometimes applied to 
trees with very thick bark. The figure is sufficient ex- 
planation of the process. Girdled trees are sometimes 
restored in this way. Budding and grafting both have 
their special advantages. The former is done at a more 
convenient season, and can be repeated on stocks that 
have not taken from the first operation ; the latter may 
be applied to trees on which budding has failed, and 
grafted trees require less attention after the operation is 
performed than those that are budded. 
2 



26 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

GRAFTING. 

The propagation of fruit trees by grafting has been 
practiced for a long period, and various methods have 
been employed; but as a few of the most useful and 
practical, with slight variations, will be found sufficient 
for most purposes, such methods only will be described 
in this work. The process of grafting is so simple, and 
the various results obtained from its application so satis- 
factory, that every owner of fruit trees should under- 
stand it perfectly. There is very little mystery con- 
nected with the operation, and almost any person can, 
in a short time, learn to graft successfully. 

The principal object of budding and grafting is to 
propagate certain varieties which do not reproduce 
themselves from seed; but they are also used for the 
following other purposes : 

Dwarf Trees. — By grafting a scion from one tree into 
another of less vigorous growth, the size is reduced, and 
bearing hastened, as in the case of the pear on the 
quince, making dwarf pear trees. 

Testing New Varieties. — A new variety grafted on the 
limb of a bearing tree will often produce fruit the 
second year, while, if a young seedling is used as a 
stock, it may not bear in ten years. 

Several Kinds on the Same Tree. — Fine specimens of fruit 
may be obtained from one tree during several months of 
the year by grafting different kinds on the branches, 
or a worthless kind may be changed to one of fine 
quality by grafting a new head. 

Supplying Branches. — By grafting, trees with long 
barren limbs may be supplied with branches in all 
their parts. 



GRAFTING. 27 

Rendering Delicate Kinds Hardier. — Certain kinds of 
fruit may be rendered hardier, or protected against 
disease by grafting on other stocks, as in the case of 
the European grapes on American stocks to protect 
them against the Phylloxera. 

In order that grafting may be successful, several 
requisites must be carefully observed: The stock and 
scion must be related, as the pear on its own roots, or 
the roots of the quince, both of which are seed fruits ; 
or the plum on its own or the roots of the peach, both 
of which are stone fruits. But such a union as that of 
the apple and the peach cannot be effected. 

The operation must be performed with sharp instru- 
ments to avoid making rough wounds which will not 
heal readily; and if above ground the wound must be 
protected by applications of grafting wax or clay. The 
scion must be so placed in the stock that the inner 
bark of the two will coincide at least in one point, thus 
affording a channel for the passage of the sap in its up- 
ward and downward flow, by means of which life is 
retained and growth effected. 

The usual time for grafting fruit trees is from Feb- 
ruary till April, or just before the buds begin to swell, 
the cherry, plum and peach coming into the proper 
condition first, followed later by the pear and the apple. 

The scions for grafting are sometimes taken from the 
trees as wanted for use, but as it is better for the 
stocks to be a little in advance of the scions, the latter 
are usually cut in the fall or winter and kept till needed 
in the manner recommended in the chapter on Pre- 
serving Cuttings. 

Stocks for grafting are either the root or stem of 



28 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

plants one or more years old, into which the scion is 
inserted, and from which it derives its nourishment.. 
The scion is simply planted in the stock instead of the- 
soil, and it determines the nature of the grafted tree. 
It matters not from what kind of a seed an apple seed- 
ling may have sprung, if a scion from an "Early Har- 
vest" apple is grafted into it, the fruit from the grafted 
tree will be ''Early Harvest" also. 

It is indispensable to the vigor of the future tree- 
that both stock and scion possess this quality in a high 
degree. 

CLEFT GRAFTING. 

Cleft Grafting is one of the most useful methods, prac- 
ticed largely at the South, where it succeeds even on 
the peach, which is usually budded at the North. It can 
be applied to stocks of almost any size, and is so sim- 
ple and easy that a ten-year-old boy can readily per- 




Fig. 19. 



form it. Fig. 19 represents the young seedling tree 
which is to be grafted, with the dirt raked away, and 
the top cut off at the collar of the root, ready to be split 
for the reception of the scion, which is taken from a 
tree of the variety it is desired to propagate. Small 



GRAFTING. 



29 



stocks can be cut off with a strong, sharp knife, but if 
too large to be cut in this manner, a fine sharp saw 
is used, and the top of the stock smoothed over with a 
knife. A split is then made in the stock an inch or 
an inch and a half deep by driving in a knife, cutting 
rather than splitting, the bark. 

A number of different implements have been invented, 
but for grafting on a small scale a thin-bladed knife of 
good temper for preparing the scions, and a larger one 
for cutting the stocks will be found sufficient. 

The scion, which should be well ripened wood of last 
years growth, containing two or three buds, is cut into 




Fig. 21. Fig. 20. Fig. 22. 



the wedge-shape represented In fig. 20, with the outer edge 
a little thicker, in order to secure a close fit at this point. 
The stock is then opened with some kind of a wedge 
{jig. 21) — a small screwdriver does very well — and the 
scion inserted as represented in Jig. 22, so that the inner 



30 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

bark of the two will be together. The scions are sometimes 
set at a slight angle (fig. 23) so that the edges will be cer- 
tain to meet at least in one point. Two scions may be 
put in large stocks. If both grow, one is cut away when 
a few inches high. It is a good plan to cut the scions so 
as to leave a bud on the wedge part, ( fig. 20) as a point 
of union between the inner bark of the two parts is al- 
most certain to be found in the peculiar curve at the bud. 
The dirt is then raked back carefully up to the top bud 
of the scion. This covering must not be so narrow and 
pointed that the dirt in settling will leave the stock ex- 
posed. If the stocks are split in the direction that the 
rows run, there will not be so much danger of the scions 
getting dislocated by clods of dirt in cultivating. The 
work is now completed, and if successful, leaves will 
soon appear on the scion. All shoots except the one 
which is to be trained up for the future tree, must be kept 
rubbed off from both stock and scion, being careful not to 
move the scion from its position. If well cultivated, the 
trees will usually be large enough to plant in the orchard 
at the end of the first or second year after grafting. 

For cleft grafting above ground, see Grafting New Heads 
on Old Trees. 

Very small scions are generally whip -grafted. Pieces 
of roots are often used as stocks, but they are not so good 
as whole roots. 



GRAFTING. 
SADDLE GRAFTING, 



31 



Which is illustrated in figs. 24 to 26, is sometimes use- 



ful. 




Pigs. 24 to 26. 



SIDE CLEFT GRAFTING. 



A modification of cleft grafting, which will often be 
found useful, is illustrated in fig. 27. It can be applied 
to seedling stocks which are standing, to whole or pieces 
of roots taken up and grafted in the hand, and to stems 
or branches above ground. It will, perhaps, be found most 
useful in grafting above ground, for the purpose of sup- 
plying limbs where they are wanting on trees. When the 
stock to be operated upon is sufficiently large and firm, a 
sharp chisel about a quarter of an inch wide is used for 
making the cut. Set the chisel with the straight side 
next the stock and drive it in with a mallet about three- 
quarters of an inch deep in the direction the limbs take 



32 



THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 



from the tree. Prepare the scion, which should contain 
two or three buds, the same as for ordinary cleft grafting, 
except that the edges are to be cut the same thickness 
and one of the wedge-shaped sides left a little shorter 
than the other. (See fig. 28.) 




Fig. 28. 



The scion is then placed firmly in the cut, with the 
shorter beveled side down, leaving a small portion of the 
wedge part above the cut. In large stocks, if the opera- 
tion is carefully performed, the scion will be held firmly 
in place and will not require tying. When small stocks 
are grafted, the cuts should be made with a sharp knife, 
a,nd it will be necessary to tie after the scion is inserted. 
"When performed above ground the wounds are protected 
by a coating of grafting wax. 

This method will be found useful in 



GRAFTING. 33 

GRAFTING NEW HEADS ON OLD TREES. 

There is scarcely an object in nature more pleasing to 
the sight than a well developed, symmetrical tree, laden 
with its yearly tribute of bright and luscious fruit. 

But quite different is the effect produced by the tree 
that is unproductive, fails to ripen its fruit in season, or 
yields fruit so inferior in quality as to be utterly worth- 
less. Still, the owner of such trees should not apply the 
■axe to them at once, if they are well grown and in a 
thrifty condition, as there is within easy reach means 
of utilizing the well developed bodies and wide-spreading 
roots, and of converting the worthless fruit into a choice 
variety ; but large trees, which bear fruit of fair quality, 
should not be subjected to the process, as it is som-' 
times the case that they die from the effects of having eu 
much of the top pruned off. Death, however, will rarely 
occur if the tree is in a thrifty condition and the opera 
tion is skillfully performed. 

A tree which is enfeebled from any cause should first 
be invigorated by moderate pruning and good cultiva- 
tion and manuring. 

Trees which are vigorous and well supplied with ^mall 
branches should have only a portion of their tops grafted 
the first year. 

The remaining p- i non will make a vigorous growth 
an<? will be in goou condition for grafting the next year. 
It is sometimes b< si co leave a portion to be grafted the 
third year. 

GRAFTING NEW TOPS ON OLD TREES. 

No limb as large as two inches in diameter should be 
cut if it can be avoided. Let the scions be inserted in 



84 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

the smaller limbs, making an effort to leave the tree in 
a symmetrical shape. 

If the trees are well grown, and have tops made up 
principally of a few large branches, they should first 
have a portion of their tops cut away, which will induce 
a vigorous growth of young shoots, as in fig. 29. These 




Fig. 29.— A new head grafted. 

will be in excellent condition for grafting when one or two 
years old. The scions are inserted in the ends of the limbs 
in the same manner as in cleft grafting underground. 
They are then wrapped and waxed, and in a short time 
begin to make a vigorous growth. Two scions should be 
put in limbs three-fourths of an inch in diameter, and 
if both grow, one should be cut away smoothly when a 
few inches long. All sprouts that appear near the grow- 
ing scion should be kept rubbed off. Long barren 
branches can be supplied with limbs wherever desired 
by the foregoing method of side cleft grafting. The 
proper time for grafting above ground is when the buds 
begin to swell. 

The scions may be cut from the trees at the time of 
grafting, but success is more certain if they are retarded 
in the manner described in the chapter on preserving 



GRAFTING. 35 

cuttings. As the grafts gradually enlarge, the wood of 
the old tree can be cut away, until within a few years 
the entire head will be of the new and better variety. 

GRAFTING WAX. 

Grafting wax, to be used for protecting wounds caused 
by grafting above ground, may be made by the following 
formula : 

3 parts beeswax. 
2 parts rosin. 
2 parts tallow. 
Melt and work like candy. 

It is applied to the wounded surface, so as to thor- 
oughly exclude air and moisture. 

GRAFTING CLAY, 

which is composed of equal parts of clay and horse ma- 
nure, or cow dung, is sometimes applied to the grape in 
preference to grafting wax. 

WHIP GRAFTING. 

This method is much practiced, and is particularly 
useful in grafting small stocks, which are usually young 
seedlings taken up in the winter or early spring. 

After they are cleanly washed and their tap roots 
shortened, they are cut off at the collar of the root with 
a slope, and split or tongued, as shown in jig. 30. The 
scion is then cut in the same manner (Jig. 31) and they 
are fitted together as in^. 32, so as to insure a union of 
the inner bark of the two parts. 



36 



THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 



They are then wrapped firmly when they are ready to 
be$packed away in the cellar, if in winter, or planted at 
onceTTT in early spring. 




30, Fig. 31, Fig. 32. 



A number of methods of wrapping are employed — 
some using paper or thin cotton cloth, waxed and cut 
into narrow strips, while others prefer cotton warp drawn 
through melted grafting wax. When waxed material is 
used it is unnecessary to tie. The operation may be suc- 
cessfully performed without tying or using wax, by wrap- 
ping firmly with soft cotton strings so as to fasten one 
end of the string as the wrapping proceeds, the other end 
being looped when it it finished. 

Grafting in this way may he done all through the win- 
ter, the grafts being packed away in damp soil, moss or 
sawdust and kept till spring, but as it requires some care 
to maintain the proper degree of moisture, it is better, 



GRAFTING. 3T 

when only a few are to be grafted, to wait until they can 
be planted in the nursery rows at once. In planting, the 
grafts'must be handled very carefully to prevent dislo- 
cating'the scions. The ground should be rich and deeply 
plowed. Plant the grafts about one foot apart in the 
row, leaving the top bud of the scion even with the sur- 
face [of the ground. Press the dirt firmly about them. 
When the stocks have long lateral roots it is better to 
open furrows with a spade and pack the dirt around the 
roots with the hand. But when large numbers of small 
grafts are to be planted, it can be done much more rap- 
idly by using a dibble, which is made of a piece of wood 
about one foot long, pointed with iron (fig. 33.) With this 



Fig. 33. 

a hole of sufficient depth is made and the dirt pressed 
firmly around the graft with the dibble by thrust- 
ing it into the ground near the graft, and pressing the 
dirt so as to thoroughly close the opening from bottom to 
top. A good implement for this purpose is a trowel made 
of a piece of steel three or four inches wide and eight or 
ten inches in length. Planted in this manner, if the 
soil is good, the grafts, with proper attention, will often 
be of sufficient size for transplanting at the end of the 



38 



THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 



first year. In raising a few trees for his own planting, 
the fruit grower will usually obtain better results from 
cleft grafting stocks as they stand — without taking them 
up ; but as much time is saved by grafting large num- 
bers of trees during the winter months, whip grafting in 
the hand is a very useful method of propagation, and 
is much practiced. When the stock is much larger than 
the scion, the top and one side are cut away, as 
shown in figs. 34 to 36. As in cleft grafting, all 




Fig. 34, Fig. 36, Fig. 35. 

sprouts from the roots must be kept rubbed off, and a 
single bud trained up from the scion. Unless great care 
is taken a sprout from the root may be left for the future 
tree, as sometimes happens in nurseries, in this way pro- 
ducing a seedling tree, generally of no value. This 
method of grafting may be applied to standing stocks. 

Some Southern Nurserymen obtain most of their apple 
stocks from localities farther north, and whip graft them 



GRAFTING. 39 

at once, or set them in nursery rows to be cleft grafted 
after getting one year's growth. In buying stocks for 
fruit trees, always get the best. Cheap, low grade stocks 
are often worthless. 

GRAFTING BY APPROACH. 

Examples of this mode of grafting maybe seen in our 
forests where we find limbs of trees firmly united by con- 
tinued contact. The French, who are the most skillful of 
all horticulturists, and describe in their works more than 




Fig. 37. — The grape grafted by approach. 

one hundred modes of grafting practiced at different ages, 
thoroughly understand this method, and practice it ex- 
tensively in their systems of training. The season for 



40 



THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 



this method of grafting is during the flow of the sap,, 
and it may be performed on either ripe or green wood. 
Though but little used in this country, there are instan- 
ces in which it may be applied with very happy results. 
It is divided into two classes. The first is illustrated in 
jig. 37, in which the upper part of the scion is retained 




Fig. 38. 



Fig. 39. 



for the future plant; the second, in jigs. 38 and 39, where 
the top of the scion is inserted under the bark of the 
stock, called inarching. 

Preventing Splitting. — It is sometimes the case that the 
splitting of forks in trees may be prevented by this 
operation. The two prongs of the fork are held'together 
by attaching to one prong a limb that grows from the 
other, or by uniting an independent limb to both prongs. 

Similar portions of bark are removed from the parts to 
be united, and they are fitted together and securely bound. 
The bandage may require loosening, but should not be 
removed until a perfect union has taken place. 

Supplying New Roots. — A useful application of this 



GRAFTING. 41 

method of grafting is made for the purpose of supplying 
new roots for dwarf trees when they begin to decline. Fig. 
39 represents the old stem and the young standard trees, 
growing near, with their tops cut off and inserted under 
the bark. An inverted j/shaped incision (c,fig. 37, 38) 
is made in the bark of the stock, after which the scion is 
cut with a slope two or three inches long (a) and placed 
under. 

The whole is then carefully bandaged and w r axed. One 
or more scions may be inserted. The vigorous young 
stems impart new life to the old tree, and often prolong 
its period of bearing many years. Trees with injured 
stems may be operated upon in the same manner ; and 
after the grafts have become thoroughly established, the 
old stems may be removed. 

Grafting the Vine. — Owing to the difficulty attending 
ordinary grafting of the vine, this method is sometimes 
resorted to as a more certain means of converting a grape 
of poor quality into a choice variety. (See chapter on 
grafting the grape). In this way the old vine is not de- 
stroyed, and if the first operation is not successful it may 
be repeated. Fig. 37 represents the old vine, or stock, 
and the new variety, or scion, with a slice of bark two or 
three inches long removed from each, and fitted together 
ready for the bandage and the application of grafting 
clay. The bandage should be loosened during the sum- 
mer, but not removed, and the top of the stock pinched 
back to throw a more vigorous growth into the scion. 

In joining the stock and scion they may be tongued as 

in ordinary whip grafting. The dotted lines in the figure 

represent the points at which the vines are severed in 

the fall, after a thorough union has taken place. Figs. 

3 



42 



THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 



40a, 406 and 40c represent self-supporting espalier and 
mode of forming letters by approach grafting. It requires 





Fig. 40a. 



Fig. 406. 



considerable time, patience and skill on the part of the op- 
erator in order to obtain such happy results ; but they are 




Fig. 40c. 

often accomplished and show to what extent the art of 
grafting may be carried. From the foregoing explana- 



PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS. 



43 



tions, it will be understood how the operations are per- 
formed. These complicated designs are produced more 
readily by training the tree to a trellis which has the 
outline marked upon it. In figs. 40a and 40& the branches 
are united where they touch back to back, not where they 
cross. In this mode of training it will sometimes be 
necessary to supply branches where they are wanting^ 
which can be done by methods already described. While 
of little practical value, such experiments will be pecu- 
liarly interesting to the enthusiastic pomologist. 

PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS. 

Cuttings are portions of plants, which, under favorable 
circumstances, produce other plants similar to those from 
which they are taken. 




Fig. 41. Fig. 42. 

This method of propagation is applied to the grape, 
mulberry, quince, raspberry, blackberry, fig, gooseberry, 
currant and some kinds of pears. 



44 



THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 



Cuttings are usually portions of wood of the last year's 
growth, from six inches to a foot in length, cut close to a 
a bud at each end. They are planted in the fall in deep- 
ly-spaded ground, well enriched, especially at the bot- 
tom, leaving one or two inches above the surface. Only 
one bud of grape cuttings should be left above the ground. 
Press the dirt firmly around them. 

The descending sap that exudes from the lower end of 
a cutting forms a callus {fig. 41), from which roots are 
emitted {fig. 42). The buds at the top develop into 
shoots, and in one season the simple stick of buds becomes- 
a well-rooted plant, in many instances several feet high- 




Figs. 43, 



Success with cuttings is more certain if a portion of 
the old wood is attached, as in fig. 43. Cuttings of this- 
kind are termed mallet cuttings. If side shoots are used^ 
cut them so as to contain the enlarged portion^of wood 
near the main stem (fig. 44). 



PROPAGATION BY LAYERS. 45 

Cuttings require careful cultivation, and during dry 
seasons watering will prove very beneficial. They are 
sometimes placed in a hole in the open ground, with 
their butt-ends up, tied evenly together and covered with 
.a few inches of dirt to remain till callus is formed in 
•spring on the ends turned up to the sun. 

They are then taken up and planted a few inches apart 
in nursery rows. They must be handled carefully and 
not exposed to the sun. Such plants as the blackberry, 
that throw up suckers readily, can be propagated from 
root cuttings, which are small pieces of roots two or three 
inches long, planted in good soil, at an angle of about 
forty-five degrees, and covered lightly. 

PROPAGATION BY LAYERS. 

Layers differ from cuttings in being left attached to 
the parent from which they receive nourishment ; and 
while not a very rapid method of propagation, they pro- 
duce excellent plants. Layers are made from ripe or 
green wood, and some plants that do not root readily 
from cuttings are propagated without difficulty by layer- 
ing. 





Fig. 45. Fig. 46. 

Fig. 45 represents a cane of the vine laid down about 
mid-summer, buried in the ground five or six inches 



46 



THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 



deep, with the extremity, which is sometimes tied to a 
stake, left uncovered. A flat stone placed over the 
buried portion will aid in retaining moisture and in 
keeping the vine to its place. By fall the layers will be 
well rooted, when the entire cane is cut from the parent 
and the rooted parts separated {fig. 46). They are 
then ready for setting out. Plants are sometimes hooked 
down, and those having hard wood have incisions made 




Fig. 47. 
near the buds, as represented in fig. 47, to facilitate root- 
ing. 

A cane is sometimes placed in the ground in several 
places at intervals of a few inches (fig. 47). This is 




Pig. 48. 

called serpentine layering. For spring layering, wood of 
last year's growth is used. 
A strong cane growing as near the ground as'possible,. 



PROPAGATION BY LAYERS. 



47 



after having about one-third of its length cut away, is 
laid down level in a trench five or six inches deep, and 
secured with stones or pegs. As soon as the buds on the 
cane make a growth of several inches, cover the layered 
cane with an inch or two of soil. Continue covering, as 
the young canes increase in length, until the trench is 
filled. Leave the young shoots about a foot apart (fig. 
48). With good attention they will be well rooted by 
fall, when the old cane is separated from the parent and 
taken up entire. The rooted plants can now be cut 
apart and planted in nursery rows or where they are to 




Fig. 49J 



remain. Fig. 49 represents stool layering, which is ap- 
plied to the quince and the Paradise and Doucain apples 
for raising stocks. 

The plant is cut down to a few buds before growth 
commences in spring, and during the following season a 
number of vigorous shoots spring up from the 3tump. 
The next fall or spring the dirt is drawn up so as to 
cover the old stump. One or two years after hilling up, 
the young shoots become well rooted, and are taken from 



48 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

the stool to be used as stocks for budding or grafting. 
The stools are enlarged until one will furnish a great 
many plants. Suckers are shoots from buds on the 
roots — spontaneous layers. 

They sometimes appear in large numbers around trees 
that have had their roots broken by a plow. They are 
much employed for multiplying the raspberry. Suckers 
are sometimes used for stocks, but seedlings are much 
better. 



CHAPTER IV. 



' PLANS FOR ORCHARDS. 

Besides being much more pleasing in appearance, the 
trees of a carefully laid out orchard can be properly cul- 
tivated with far less difficulty than those that are out of 
line in the rows and at irregular distances apart. The 
following plans, which can be varied in many ways, will 
be found very convenient : 



QUINCUNX PLANTING. 




By this method the trees are in rows in various ways, 
and may be plowed in three directions. 

The fallowing plan is given by Mr. Randolph Peters, 
of Delaware. An acre planted in this manner contains 
165 trees. 

48 standard apples, 30 feet apart, marked 0. 

35 standard pears or cheries, marked S. 



50 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

82 dwarf pears, dwarf apples, dwarf cherries, plums, 
quinces or peaches, marked X. 

OxOxOxOx 



X 


s 


X 


s 


X 


s 


X 


s 





X 





X 





X 





X 



OxOxO x 



LAYING OUT ORCHARDS. 

It requires considerable time for one person to plant 
an orchard of a hundred trees when the rows have to be 
straightened by the usual method of sighting backward 
and forward ; but by means of a simple device, which is 
described in The American Fruit Culturist, the labor is 
greatly lessened. Afstrong cord is procured, as long as 
one side of the orchard, if possible. This is ^stretched 
tightly along the line^intended for the first row of trees. 
Then with a measure lay off along the cord the proper 
distances apart for thejtrees, marking each place by stick- 
ing up a small peg. These pegs indicate where the trees 
should stand ; but when the holes are dug and the pegs 
removed, the proper places for the trees cannot be ascer- 



PLANS FOR ORCHARDS. 51 

tained. It is at this juncture that the hoard, represented 
in fig. 50, is so useful. It should be four or five inches 



Fig. 50. 

wide, with an opening in the middle and a hole in each 
end, as shown in the figure. Lay the board down in any 
direction, so that the opening in the middle is around 
one of the pegs along the cord, and drive pins into the 
ground through the end holes. Remove the board 
and dig the hole. Replace the board as it was, 
with the holes in the ends over the pins, which were 
driven through them, and set the tree with its stem 
in the opening in the middle of the board. It is evident 
that the tree will stand exactly in the position of the 
peg which was removed, and will be in a line with the 
other pegs. By repeating this process, the entire or- 
chard can be planted in a short time, and the rows will 
be perfectly straight. 



CHAPTER V. 



DISTANCES FOR PLANTING. 

Apples— standard 20 feet each way. 

Apples— dwarf 6 to 8 feet each way. 

Pears— standard 16 feet each way. 

Pears — dwarf 8 to 12 feet each way. 

Peaches, Plums, Cherries, etc. ... 16 to 20 feet each way. 
Grapes 8 to 10 feet each way. 

Scupper nong 20 to 30 feet in the row, and rows 10 to 
20 feet apart, according to soil. 

NUMBER OF TREES ON AN ACRE AT GIVEN DIS- 
TANCES. 



Distances Apart Each Way. 
No. of Trees 

4 feet 2,722 

6 feet 1,210 

8 feet 680 

10 feet 435 

12 feet 302 

14 feet 222 

16 feet 170 

18 feet 134 

20 feet 108 

25 feet 69 

30 feet 48 

40 feet 27 



Distances Apart. 

No. of Trees. 

4x6 ...1,815 

6x8 907 

8x10 544 

10x12 363 

10x20 217 

15x30 97 

20x30 75 

20x40 24 



CHAPTER VI. 



TRANSPLANTING. 

Perhaps no operation connected with fruit culture is 
so often improperly done as transplanting or taking up 
and setting out trees. It may seem strange to the man 
who succeeds so well in raising farm products that he 




-*?*!&x»M 



^J2&»3= 



Txee showing length of roots. 



should need any instructions on so simple as subject a 
transplanting trees. Yes, but the very man who takes 
the utmost care to have his ground in a perfect condition 
for the reception of corn or cotton seed very often crams 
his fruit trees into the hard soil, post-like, and then ex- 
pects them to thrive and produce large crops of fruit. If 



54 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

a fruit tree will do well when its roots are placed in a 
hole in the unbroken ground hardly large enough to 
receive them, then why will not a grain of corn produce 
a fine stalk and well developed ears when planted in 
the hard ground, with scarcely enough dirt to cover it? 
This process of removing a tree from one position to 
another is applied to seedlings which are usually taken 
from the seed beds to nursery rows when one year old, 
and to nursery trees which are removed to the orchard 
when from one to three years old from the bud or graft. 

The proper time for transplanting at the South is soon 
after the first killing frost, thus giving the trees time to 
become established in their new position before growth 
begins in spring. It is one of the requisites to success- 
ful transplanting to make a thorough preparation of the 
soil. 

It is an excellent plan to sow peas on the ground in- 
tended for an orchard, and turn them under in early fall 
with a two-horse plow followed by a subsoil. Holes are 
dug three feet wide and two feet deep, to be filled with 
surface soil, thoroughly mixed with about a peck of good 
cotton seed and stable manure compost to each hole. 
Do not let any strong manure come in contact with the 
roots. 

Many failures in transplanting result from careless 
digging. It is an easy matter to take up small seedlings 
with their roots almost entire, but as the roots of a tree 
extend on each side to a distance about equal to the 
height, it is impossible, in digging trees five or six feet 
high from nursery rows, to avoid leaving a large portion 
of the roots in the ground. 

In nurseries, trees are dug very rapidly by thrusting a 



TRANSPLANTING. 



55 



spade into the ground on each side of the tree, a foot or 
two from it, and raising it from its position. It requires 
two hands to do the work. When only a few trees are 
to be taken up, it is better to dig large circles around 
them and get as much root as possible. Make it a rule 






Fig. 51.— A Fig. 52— A one Fig. 53.— A 2 or 3 year Fig. 54.— A tree 2 or 
one year tree, year tree with- tree as received from 3 years old prepared 
with all in- out branches, the nursery. for planting, 

jured roots as received 
and branches from the nur- 

pruned off, sery. 

and the top 

shortened. 

to avoid all unnecessary mutilation of the roots. After 
seedlings are dug, their tap roots are shortened and they 
are planted in the same manner as whip grafts. 

When nursery trees are dug they are prepared for 
planting in the onchard by cutting smooth all injured 



56 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

roots, and shortening-in the head to restore the balance- 
between root and top. As a part of the roots are neces- 
sarily left in the ground when a tree is dug, the top must 
be lessened in proportion. A one-year tree is usually 
cut back to a naked stern from two to three feet high 
(figs. 51 and 52). Older trees have about one-half the 
length of their limbs pruned off, leaving them longest 
at the bottom, and tapering up to the leader. This is 
not very well represented in fig. 54. 

The tree is then placed in the hole a little deeper than 
it stood in the nursery, with all its roots spread out to 
their full extent, and the soil well worked among them 
with the hand. The dirt must be pressed down around 
the tree firmly, so that it will be held in its position, and 
no roots left in an open space to die from want 
of moisture. Bank the dirt up around the tree a little 
higher than the surrounding surface. It will sink down 
to a level. In transplanting, it is well to immerse the 
roots in soft mud, and they must not be exposed to the 
sun very long. When trees are shipped long distances, 
they are sometimes injured by freezing or drying. 
Frozen trees are not much injured if buried in the 
ground till they thaw ; if shriveled from want of moist- 
ure, they are usually restored by keeping them buried 
in the ground several days, top and all. 

Always select young, well rooted trees. One year from 
the bud or graft is usually the best age. When large 
trees are taken up, they receive a severe check from, 
which they sometimes fail to recover. 



CHAPTER VII. 



REGISTERING AND LABELING. 

When a lot of trees from a nursery are to be plant-, 
ed, the wire labels showing the different kind9 should 
be removed, but some plan must be adopted by which 
the variety of each tree will be known in after years. 
Maps of orchards are often made and answer a very good 
purpose, but labeling each tree is far more convenient* 




Fig. 55. 

Thin strips of soft wood, written on when wet with 
an ordinary lead pencil, and fastened to the tree with 
a twine string, will last a while, but they require con- 
stant renewing and are not to be recommended. 

The best labels are made from strips of sheet zinc, 
about an inch wide and three or four inches long, soaked 
a day or two in water and exposed to the air till a slight 
corrosion takes place. The names are written on them 
with a lead pencil. In a short time they show plainly, 
and will be legible for several years. They are attached 
4 



58 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

to the limbs with copper wire {fig. 55), and examined 
often to see that the wires do not become imbedded in 
the growing wood. They are sometimes cut with a nar- 
row end, which is bent around the limb in a single 
coil, it expands as the limb grows, and does noti cut 
into the bark. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



MULCHING AND WATERING. 

Mulching consists in placing around the tree to the 
distance of three or four feet a coating a few inches 
deep of rotten leaves, straw, half decomposed manure, 
or other such substance that will retain moisture. It 
is an excellent protection against summer drought, and 
should be a universal practice in our hot, dry climate. 
Many trees that die during summer could be saved by 
mulching. A good time to apply it is in spring, when 
growth has started, soon after a rain. 




p If trees are well mulched, they will not need much 
watering, but in very dry seasons newly set trees should 
have occasional copious waterings in addition to the 
mulch. Do not let a valuable young tree die from want 
of a little attention in this way. 



CHAPTER IX. 



PLANT A SUCCESSION OF FRUITS AT ONCE. 



The man who settles on a new place, waits a few years 
to get ready to set out an orchard, and finally plants 




Fig. 56. 

nothing but a few peach and apple trees, with the inten- 
tion of waiting a few years to see how these do before 
planting more, will not eat much fruit from his own 
orchard in a long time. Do not wait till next year, nor 
the year after, to begin ; go to work at once and set out 
trees and plants of every kind of fruit that succeeds in 
your climate. A few apple and peach trees are not suffi- 
cient. Plant the small fruits, strawberries, raspberries 
and grapes, also currants and gooseberries wherever they 



PLANT A SUCCESSION OP FRUITS AT ONGE. 61 

succeed. They will begin to bear at once, and will sup- 
ply you with fruit every year during the period that you 
are waiting on your apples, pears, etc. No matter if your 
ground is fresh and full of roots ; dig big holes, fill them 
with surface soil, and all will flourish. From the 
earliest strawberry to the best-keeping apple, we have a 
succession of fruits that spans the year; and every per- 
son who has a few rods of ground can raise them on his 
own premises. 



CHAPTER X. 



CULTIVATION. 

It very often happens that the owner of a fruit tree is 
disappointed because his fruit is not so large and excel- 
lent as specimens of the same variety that he has seen 
elsewhere. He is then ready to pronounce the variety 
a failure, or the nurseryman a fraud, when the fault is 
really his own, and the lack of proper cultivation the 
principal cause of his disappointment. If a tree is de- 




Pig. 57. — The orchard that is neglected and the one that is well cultivated. 

prived of cultivation, the same results may be expected, 
that every farmer knows will follow, if his corn is allowed 
to stand in soil that is baked and grown up with weeds. 

From the planting of the seed, through all the stages 
of the trees' growth, clean cultivation is necessary. After 
orchards come into bearing, it is better to give up the 
land entirely to the trees, giving them repeated plow- 
ings and a top dressing of manure each year. A com- 
post containing lime and ashes is excellent. Do not in- 
jure the roots by plowing too deeply, and carefully avoid 
mutilating the trees with the plow. 

Low growing, hoed crops may be cultivated in orchards 
without injury, but never corn or sown crops. 



CHAPTER XL 



PRUNING. 



This subject has been discussed for many years ; much 
has been said and written upon it, but even now it is 
very imperfectly understood by the masses of people, and 
often wholly disregarded. Our climate, it is true, is very 
favorable to the growth and perfect development of fruit 
trees, and renders unnecessary much of the labor and ex- 
pense attached to fruit raising in some other countries, 
but to obtain the best results, even in this genial climate, 
pruning for some purpose will be necessary through all 
the successive stages. While intelligent pruning is ever 
productive of the most satisfactory results, an entirely 
different effect is produced when it is performed in a 
bungling manner without any regard to the object to be 
accomplished. The time and manner of pruning will be 
determined by the purpose in view and the nature and 
condition of the tree. 

We prune all parts of a tree, at various seasons of the 
year, to accomplish very different purposes. In this 
country it is practiced principally to regulate the shape, 
to produce a vigorous growth, or to induce greater fruit- 
fulness. When the first of these is the object in view, it 
will be necessary to do some pruning at almost every sea- 
son of the year. While at the South all large limbs, 
which through neglect have been left to grow in an un- 
favorable position, should be removed in the fall, it will 



THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

often be "necessary in the growing season to cut away or 
shorten-in certain shoots which have been overlooked, 
or, are making a very vigorous growth at the expense 
of other portions of the tree.^If properly pruned at trans- 
planting and during the first^few years of growth, it will 
rarely be necessary to remove large limbs, as all useless 
shoots will be kept cut away while small. No sucker 
from the root or limb that will have to be removed should 
be left to obtain a year's growth, as they can be easily 
rubbed off while young without the slightest injury; but 
it is often the case that trees are neglected until their 
heads are composed of numerous useless branches, whose 
removal the future welfare of the tree demands. 

In pruning, all cuts must be made with sharp instru- 



Fig. 58. 

ments. For small limbs a knife is sufficient, but when 
too large to be cut in this manner, a pruning saw 




"Fig. 59. 

must be used. When very large limbs are to be 
sawed off, it is well to first saw about half through from 
the bottom, finishing from the top, in order to prevent 
splitting. The rough surface is then smoothed over with 
a sharp knife and an application made of paint, grafting 
wax or gum shellac, mixed with alcohol, to the consistency 



PRUNING. 65 

of paint, to exclude moisture. The small line in fig. 60 
shows the point at which the limb should be cut, just at 
the beginning of the enlargement at its base. 




Fig. 60. 

Some orchardists prefer to leave the stump of the limb 
which is pruned off about one foot long, to be cut again 
at the base the first of June. Wounds made at this time 
heal very rapidly, leaving the wounded surface exposed 
a shorter time. While for the accomplishment of cer- 
tain purposes, and for different trees, in which the growth 
is very unlike, various methods of pruning will be 
adopted, it will be necessary in all cases to remove dead 
wood, or crossing branches, which often produce harbors 
for insects ; to avoid crotches or equal forks, and to ob- 
tain a well balanced head sufficiently open to admit air 
and sunlight, without which neither the highest color- 
ing nor the best quality of fruit can be obtained. Figs. 
61, 62 and 63 show the directions taken by limbs from 
buds in different positions. By giving some attention 
to these results, the shape of trees may be materially al- 
tered by pruning, rendering very open heads more com- 
pact, and vice versa. Vacant places can often be supplied 
by cutting a limb*to a bud which points in the Jdesired 



66 



THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 



direction. The adjacent figures represent the correct 
and the incorrect methods of cutting off a branch at a 




Fig. 61. Fig. 62. Fig. 63. 

bud. If too far from the bud, as in fig. 64, the stump 
above the bud will die, making anotherjcut necessary . In 
fig. 65 the bud is enfeebled by having a portionjof wood to 




Figs. 64, 



which it is attached removed. The perfect cut is seen'in 
fig. 66. When done in this manner, the healing of the 
wound will be rapid and complete, while the bud will be 
left in a thrifty condition. 



PRUNING. 67 

After orchards have borne full crops, there are many 
broken limbs to be removed, which should be done as 
Boon as the fruit is gathered, and the brush taken away. 
Trees which appear to be ruined by breaking down, 
caused by overbearing, are often entirely restored by ju- 
dicious pruning. 

If the object of the pruning be a more vigorous wood 
growth, it is done soon after the fall of the leaves in au- 
tumn, as at this time, in mild climates, there sets in a 
vigorous storing up of nutriment in the cells of the tree 
to be expended on the next year's growth. The process 
is kept up during the winter, and this plant food is dis- 
tributed among all the branches. It is evident that the 
fewer the limbs among which this material is to be di- 
vided, the larger will be the portion which each is to re- 
ceive, and the greater the consequent growth during the 
ensuing year. Hence, if a portion of the branches are 
removed early in the fall, a larger quantity of this life- 
giving substance will accumulate in those that remain 
than would be the case if all were left till spring. Much 
can be done toward obtaining a vigorous growth of fruit 
trees by proper pruning. When all useless branches, 
such as are not necessary to the form or equality of the 
head, are removed, and all branches are cut back which 
are growing so rapidly as to destroy the form or detract 
from the growth of the other parts of the tree, a proper 
balance is maintained, the sap is evenly distributed to 
every portion, and a strong, healthy growth is the result. 
In most instances it is desired that fruit trees maintain 
a vigorous growing condition, but it sometimes occurs 
that after trees have become of sufficient age and size to 
yield abundant crops, they are still unfruitful on account 



68 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

of too vigorous wood growth. If immediate bearing is 
desired, some method of reducing vitality must be re- 
sorted to, as whatever retards the formation of wood is 
favorable to the production of fruit. This can be done 
by pruning in summer. At this time the plant food 
which was stored up in winter is largely expended, and 
when a portion of the tree is removed the flow of the 
sap is retarded, the growth is checked, and the result is 
the formation of numerous fruit buds, which otherwise 
would have developed into wood buds. This is done very 
successfully by pinching off the ends of the shoots, as 
the bruising wounds of the finger retard the growth 
more effectually than the smooth cuts of a knife. But 
summer pruning is a severe process, and should be prac- 
ticed only to a moderate extent. Root pruning is also 
resorted to for the purpose of retarding growth, or, which 
is the same, inducing fruitfulness. It consists in sever- 
ing the roots at a greater or less distance from the trunk, 
according to the size and vigor of the tree and the pur- 
pose to be accomplished. In our climate it should be 
practiced with great caution, and only in cases of very 
luxuriant growth and obstinate unfruitfulness. 

An unproductive limb may be made to bear by bending 
it down below a horizontal line, and retaining it in 
this unnatural position, which is unfavorable to a free 
circulation, until it becomes permanent. Portions of bark 
are sometimes removed from trees to render them more 
fruitful, but the practice is not to be commended. 

Some specific directions will be given for pruning the 
different fruit trees treated of in this work, which, to- 
gether with the instructions in this chapter, will be 
found sufficient for ordinary purposes. 



PRUNING. 



6& 



In our favorable climate the intricate systems of train- 
ing of other countries are wholly unnecessary, except in 
the extreme north and Canada, where they are practiced 




Fig. 67. 

to some extent. Fig. 67 represents a tree pruner, which 
is very useful in reaching the extremities of long 
branches. The length of the pole'can^be regulated ac- 
cording to the height of the trees. 



CHAPTER XII. 



CROSSING AND HYBRIDIZING. 

The production of new varieties will certainly engage 
a portion of the attention of every person who is inter- 
ested in the subject of fruit culture. He will not be sat- 
isfied simply to propagate the varieties produced by ac- 
cident, or through the labors of other men, but will feel 
a desire himself to become instrumental in the produc- 
tion of something new. It is sometimes the case that 
we find two varieties of fruit, each of which possesses, 
in a marked degree, the qualities that are wanting in the 
other. For instance, one may be large, but poorly fla- 
vored, while the other is finely flavored, but inferior in 
size. By crossing these two we may obtain a new varie- 
ty, partaking of the qualities of both, but superior to 
either. Crossing or hybridizing has not been practiced 
largely a great many years, but some of our finest varie- 
ties of fruit are known to owe their origin to this process. 
It is now well understood by experienced horticulturists, 
and through its agency we expect many valuable new 
varieties to be obtained. The process of crossing is very 
readily performed, and consists in fertilizing the pistil 
of one variety with the pollen from another. 

Fig. 68 represents a flower of the pear ; o, style of pis- 
til ; b, stigma ; c, ovary or seed vessel ; d, anther, and e, 
filament of stamen. The anthers, when matured, dis- 



CROSSING AND HYBRIDIZING. 71 

charge a powdery substance called pollen, which, com- 
ing in contact with the stigma, fertilizes the young fruit 
at its base. 

When it is desired to make a cross between two varie- 
ties, select blossoms not fully open on the tree intended 





Fig 68. Fig. 69. 

for the female parent, and cut off all the anthers, as rep- 
resented in fig. 69. This must be done before the flower 
is fully expanded, otherwise the process of crossing may 
be performed by other agencies — insects or the wind. 
Bees, no doubt, carry the pollen from one flower to an- 
other and effect crosses regardless of consequences. In 
order to get ahead of these busy little meddlers, and avoid 
the natural fertilization which will result if the flowers 
are left to themselves, with sharp scissors carefully cut 
the anthers from the flower intended for the female pa- 
rent before it is entirely open, and protect it by a cover- 
ing of thin gauze until the pollen of the male parent is 
well matured. Then collect the ripened dry powder with 
a soft brush and apply it to the moist stigma of the cov- 
ered flower. It is sometimes applied with the finger, or 
by touching the stigma with the anthers containing the 
dry pollen. After this process is complete, keep the 
flower covered until all danger of accidental fertilization 
has passed. It is well to repeat the operation several 



72 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

times on the same flower to be certain of success. In 
the case of flowers that do not open at exactly the same 
time, it may be necessary to preserve the pollen till the 
pistil is in a proper condition for its reception. This can 
be done by carefully bottling the ripened anthers. The 
fertilized flower must be watched and protected until the 
fruit is fully ripe. When planted, the seed of this spe- 
cimen is supposed to produce fruit partaking of the na- 



K 







spqps 



Fig. 70. 

ture of both parents. Fig. 70 represents the flower orthe 
cherry, the letters indicating the same parts, as in fig. 68. 
In figs. 71 and 72 are seen the flowers of the grape, the 




Fig. 71. Fig. 72. 

first of which represents the stamens coveredjby the 
petals, which, in the case of the grape, drop off instead 
of expanding, as in most other flowers ; the latter|shows 
the same flower after the petals have disappeared. The 
process of crossing is interesting, and to be performed 
successfully requires considerable care and some'skill on 
the part of the operator ; and, while it is readily per- 



CROSSING AND HYBRIDIZING. 73 

formed under the proper conditions, there are limits be- 
yond which it cannot be carried. It is very common be. 
tween two varieties of the same species, as two kinds of 
apples, and it is sometimes successful between closely 
allied species of the same genera, as the different species 
of the gourd and melon families, but not between the 
apple and the pear. When two varieties of the same 
species are united the result is called a cross, but when 
different species are crossed the result is known as a hy- 
brid. 

The organs concerned in the production of seeds and 
fruit are the stamens and the pistils, the former repre- 
senting the male and the latter the female organs. They 
are sometimes found in the same flower, as in the blooms 
of the pear or cherry ; but in Indian corn the tassel rep- 
resents the male portion, while the female is represented 
by the silk and ear. Again, the pistils are in one plant 
while the stamens are in another, as in the strawberry 
some plants of which contain only male organs, and are 
known as staminate, while others contain only the female 
organs, and are called pistillate. The seeds of hybrids 
are usually imperfect. Crosses have perfect seeds, but 
when planted do not produce precisely the same kinds of 
fruit. Some may be superior, while others are inferior 
to the fruit of the parent trees. In order to have a better 
chance of producing a superior kind by crossing, a num- 
ber of flowers should be operated upon at the same time. 
The first fruit of a tree, raised from a seed obtained by 
crossing, may not be a fair specimen of what it will pro- 
duce when a few years older. 
5 



CHAPTER XIII. 



SAVING GIRDLED TREES. 

It very often happens that negleeted trees are girdled 
by mice or rabbits N and die in consequence, unless connec- 
tion is restored between the two portions of bark. All 
such intruders are readily kept off by making a few ap- 
plications of the coal tar fruit tree wash described on 
page 76 during the fall and winter. Thick paper with 




Fig. 73.— Girdled tree. Fig. 74.— Damage repaired. 

tar on the outside is often tied around the bodies of trees 
to prevent girdling, with good effect. In using tarred 
paper it is necessary to guard against getting much of the 
tar on the bark of the tree. 

When only partially girdled, trees may often be saved 
by banking up the dirt so as to cover the wound, or by 
surrounding the trunk with a plaster of clay and cow 
dung mixed with water to the consistency of mortar, 



SAVING GIRDLED TREES. 75 

letting it extend above and below the wound. It is then 
wrapped with some coarse fabric and kept moist during 
dry weather. But when the girdling is complete — noth- 
ing left to connect the two portions of bark — it will be 
necessary to resort to another remedy. Figs. 73 and 74 
represent the girdling, and the repairing of the damage 
by inserting scions of the same kind of wood above and 
below the wound. Cuts are made in the tree with a knife 
or small chisel, and the limbs, with their ends cut slop- 
ing, inserted, as shown in the figure. The scions are bent 
outward in the middle and the ends pushed firmly into 
the cuts so that the edges of the two portions of cut bark 
will be in contact. If too high to be covered with a 
mound of earth, the whole should be protected by an ap- 
plication of grafting wax. In oases of girdling, the tops 
of the trees should be pruned more or less severely ac- 
cording to the extent of the injury. By this process 
valuable trees may often be saved that otherwise would 
be lost. 



CHAPTER XIV. 



COAL TAR WASH. 

The following wash is now used by some of our largest 
and most successful nurserymen and fruit raisers, both 
North and South. 

Wherever tried it is invariably pronounced the best 
preparation of the kind ever used. In addition to the 
advantages of extreme cheapness, it has the merits of 
effectually keeping off rabbits, preventing the attacks of 
borers and of cleansing the bark and giving the tree a 
bright healthy appearance. Old peach orchards, almost 
entirely destroyed by borers, have been reclaimed by its 
use. It can be prepared at nominal cost ; its application 
is very easy and rapid, and the results of its use are very 
beneficial. It is prepared in the following manner : 
To two gallons of ordinary lime whitewash, add one pint 
of coal tar (not pine tar) and one pound of potash; then 
mix thoroughly and keep constantly stirred while in use. 
Apply to the tree with a common white-wash brush at 
least twice a year — early in spring and fall. Let the 
wash reach from the limbs to the roots; coal tar is very 
cheap; one gallon can be obtained for 25 cents or less, and 
will be worth many dollars to the fruit grower. 



CHAPTER XV. 



THINNING AND GATHERING FRUIT. 

The theory of thinning fruit has been reduced to 
practice by some of our most successful cultivators with 
very happy effects. Besides injuring the trees, over- 
bearing always tends to produce inferior and often 
worthless fruit. If the largest size and best quality of 
fruit are desired, it is as necessary to reduce the quantity 
on an overburdened tree as it is to thin out cotton or 
corn to the proper stand. A good time for thinning is 
when the fruit is about half grown, as much that is de- 
fective can then be detected and removed. By giving 
every sound specimen of fruit plenty of room to develop, 
and allowing no limb to be burdened beyond its capacity, 
at gathering time the quantity of fruit will not be ma- 
terially reduced, the quality will be greatly improved, 
and the trees will be left in a much better condition. 
After a good crop of fruit has grown, it is often serious- 
ly damaged by careless gathering. There are numerous 
fruit pickers which are often useful, but with good lad- 
ders of convenient lengths, gathering can be done well 
and rapidly by hand. Shaking to the ground or threshing 
off with polls must be avoided and the fruit carefully 
handled, not poured from one vessel to another like 
so much dry grain. When properly handled and as- 
sorted according to grade, fruit will keep much longer 
and bring far better prices in market. 



CHAPTER XVI. 



CANNING FRUIT. 

Canning or preserving fruit in its natural state in air- 
tight jars is an excellent method of supplying the table- 
with fruit the year round almost as good as when first 
pulled from the tree. It is absolutely necessary to suc- 
cess in canning to use good sound fruit and jars that can 
be closed perfectly air-tight. The fru it is prepared the 
same as for cooking, sugar added if desired, and heated 
more or less according to kind. Strawberries require 
very little cuoking, but peaches must be cooked a much 
longer time. The jars are heated and filled to the top 
with the hot fruit and sealed at once. All air must be 
excluded. Jars are sometimes thought to be air-tight, 
when, if the tops are turned down, the water will es- 
cape. When properly canned and kept in a cool, dry- 
place, exposed to light as little as possible, fruit will re- 
main in a good condition several years. It will mould 
in a damp cellar. 

As large quantities of peaches are preserved in this 
manner, every orchard should be supplied with trees of 
the best late varieties. When canned in the fall the- 
fruit escapes the trying heat of summer, which often, 
induces decay. 



CHAPTER XVII. 



EVAPORATING FRUIT. 

It often happens that large quantities of fruit are 
allowed to rot in the orchard for want of a convenient 
way to dispose of it. When shipping facilities are in- 
adequate, ;and there is not sufficient demand in the 
home markets, drying in the sun is often the only 
method of utilizing a valuable crop of fruit. But since 
the introduction of patent evaporators, of various ca- 
pacities and prices, there is no excuse for the farmer 
who lets a crop of fruit waste on his hands. The evapo- 
rator can be worked in all kinds of weather, and the 
product is vastly superior to the wormy, dark-colored 
fruit that is dried in the sun. 

Retaining almost perfectly the natural flavor, a good 
article of evaporated fruit can hardly be distinguished 
from fruit in a fresh state when placed on the table. 
Fancy grades sometimes sell as high as forty cents per 
pound. 

Patent evaporators of various kinds are now on the 
market, all claiming special merits. By investigation 
the purchaser can determine the kind and the size best 
adapted to his purpose. . 



CHAPTER XVIII. 



RENOVATING OLD ORCHARDS. 

It is no uncommon thing to see old neglected trees 
standing in uncultivated fields, or, it may be, outside of 
any enclosure, that could be renovated by proper treat- 
ment, and made to'bear abundant crops for many seasons. 




Fig. 75. — Old neglected tree 



Fig. 76 — Old tree renovated. 



As it is the work of years to plant an orchard and bring 
it up to profitable bearing, the time and attention are 
well spent that restore fresh vigor to the enfeebled trees 
and impart to them a new lease of life. The principal 
cause of the going down in most of our orchards is the 
want of cultivation and manuring. Begin with the 
pruning saw and remove all dead, crowded or crossing 
branches. Relieve the " hide-bound" trees by scraping 



RENOVATING OLD ORCHARDS. 81 

off the old dead bark, break up the lodges of insects in 
the root, body or limbs, and make a thorough applica- 
tion of the coal tar wash. Examine the trees often dur- 
ing the season, destroying borers or other insects, and 
wash the body and forks occasionally. The root will 
need attention also. Root-pruning and manuring are 
usually combined in one process by digging a trench a 
foot or more wide and a foot in depth around the tree, at 
a distance from the stem of three-fourths the length of 
the limbs, and filling it with good compost. One of our 
most intelligent horticulturists recommends digging 
trenches around the tree the width of a spade, from 
two to four feet apart, radiating from the tree as repre 




Fig. 77. 

sented in fig. 77, and filling them with compost. After 
a thorough overhauling in this way, the old tree, if not 
too m uch exhausted, will soon show signs of new life. 
And, if manuring, the necessary pruning and good culti- 
vation, are given in after years, full crops of fruit will be 
-the reward. 



CHAPTER XIX. 



PRESERVING CUTTINGS. 

It is often necessary to prune trees in the fall from 
which cuttings will be wanted in the spring. These can 
be kept in good condition by burying about two-thirds of 
their butt ends in the ground. If the cuttings are placed 
in the ground, under the tree from which they are taken, 
there will not be any danger of mistaking varieties. Grape 
cuttings are often kept during winter to be planted in 
early spring by burying them entirely in a hole in the 
open ground, and covering them with several inches of 
dirt, and placing a mound of earth over the hole to throw 
ofif the water. Root grafts and cuttings are often kept in 
a perfect condition during winter by packing them away 
in a cool place in damp moss or sawdust. A mixture of 
sawdust and sand is sometimes used. Care must be taken, 
to retain only a moderate degree of moisture. 



CHAPTER XX. 



DWARF TREES. 

While dwarfs do not deserve the rich encomiums be- 
stowed upon them by some writers, and can never become 
so popular or profitable as standard trees, they are nev- 
ertheless deserving of cultivation, and if properly man- 
aged will give satisfactory results. 




Fig. 78. 

Pears are more extensively grown as dwarfs than the 
other fruits which are mentioned in this chapter. The 
stock usually employed is the Angers quince, obtained 
from France. When budded or grafted on this stock, the 
yearling tree should be cut back within a foot of the 
ground, and left to obtain another year's growth before 
being transplanted to the orchard. A portion of the 



84 



THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 



shoots, which spring from the buds that are left when the 
top is prunned off, are so managed as to obtain the 
pyramid shape illustrated in figure 78, the lines show- 
ing where the limbs should be cut. A vigorous branch 
is left to form a leader, and the remaining branches are 




so pruned as to be longest at the base and gradually be- 
coming shorter towards the top. After this system of pru- 
ning is kept up a few years, and all useless shoots are kept 
cut away, being careful not to let the head become so 
thick as to exclude air and light, the tree will assume 
the appearance of figure 79, and will be ornamental as 
well as useful. Rich soil, oareful cultivation and con- 
stant and systematic pruning are necessary to succeed 



DWARF TREES. 85 

with dwarf pears. The trees are not so long-lived as the 
standard, but they bear very young and can be planted 
much closer together, the spaces between standard trees 
sometimes being used for them, as they can be removed 
when the standards become of sufficient size to require 
the space. Dwarf pears are usually planted deep enough 
to cover the quince roots two or three inches, and they 
very often taka root above the graft and become stand- 
ard or half standard. In this way the advantages of early 
bearing are combined with larger size and longer life. 
Some kinds of pears do not succeed well on the quince. 
The Duchesse d'Angouleme is excellent as a dwarf. 
Kinds which do not take readily on the quince are some- 
times grafted on a pear which was previously grafted on 
the quince. This is called double working. Ordinary 
quince roots are used as stocks for dwarfing the pear, but 
the French is better, well rooted stocks of which can be 
obtained from nurserymen in this country or in France. 
The fruit of dwarfs is usually larger than the same va- 
riety grown on standards. 

the apple 

Is dwarfed by grafting on a wild species growing in 
France, known as the Paradise apple. Another species, 
the Doucain, is used when dwarf standards are desired. 
Stocks for dwarfing the apple and the pear are raised 
from layers. Dwarf apples should be planted so as to 
leave the point of union between stock and scion even 
with the surface of the ground. To maintain their dwarf 
nature, they must be carefully watched to prevent root- 
ing above the graft, which renders them standard. They 



86 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

do not require so much pruning as dwarf pears, and 
usually grow only eight or ten feet high. 




Fig. 80. 

Summer and fall varieties as dwarfs are preferred to 
later kinds, as the dwarf stock ceases vegetation earlier 
than the standard, and renders the fruit of the winter 
varieties unfit for keeping. This class of trees requires 
rich soil and such cultivation as is necessary for garden 
crops. 

THE CHERRY 

Is dwarfed by grafting on a species known as the 
Mahaleb, which adapts them much better to our South- 
ern climate. The Mirabelle plum is sometimes used as 
a dwarf stock for peaches and plums. Any of the fore- 
going stocks may be obtained from nurserymen. 



CHAPTER XXL 



THE CURCULIO. 

The curculio or plum weevil attacks the apricot, nec- 
tarine, apple, cherry, peach and quince, but to the plum 
it is truly a relentless foe. Figure 81 represents the 




Fig. 81.— Curcalio. Fig. 82. — Incision of curculio on plum 

magnified. 

-weevil, which is a dark colored insect, about one-fourth 
of an inch long, with varied spots, easily distinguished 
by its peculiar beak or snout, which is bent between the 
fore legs when the insect is at rest. Early in the Spring 
it begins its depredations on the young fruit by flying from 
tree to tree and depositing eggs as shown in figure 82. 
After the incision is made, the insect lays its egg and 
carefully conceals it in the cut, where it remains a short 
time and develops into a white grub in which state it 
preys upon the fruit until it drops to the ground. It 
then works its way into the soil to come forth in the fu- 
ture a winged weevil to repeat the same process. One of 
the little pests will lay a large number of eggs during 
the season, and so numerous do they become if unmoles- 
ted, that entire plum crops are often destroyed by them. 
The young crop may be very promising in the Spring, 
but it often happens that not a single specimen of fruit 



88 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

is left to mature on a well grown tree. Many methods of 
protection against the enemy have been tried with par- 
tial success, among them, smoking with the fumes of coal 
tar, syringing with Paris green or other poisons, dusting 
with sulphur and lime and various ways of entrapping, 
but perhaps the best results are obtained by jarring the 
trees and destroying the insects and stung fruit that fall. 
By giving a sharp, quick blow with a mallet on the stub 
of a limb sawed off, or a peg inserted in the tree to pre- 
vent bruising, many of the insects will fall, and can be 
caught on a sheet spread under the tree for the purpose. 
The jarring is commonly done early in the morning or 
just before night. When hogs are turned under the trees 
while the fruit is dropping, they consume large quanti- 
ties of the grubs, and thus prevent so rapid multiplica- 
tion, but they afford no immediate protection. Trees 
planted near the house, where they will be constantly 
tramped around, are comparatively free from attacks of 
this troublesome insect. To succeed in raising large 
crops of fine plums, war must be declared very early 
against the curculio, and waged unremittingly until the 
fruit is gathered. 

If you have never seen this insect, quietly approach 
one of your plum or nectarine trees early some morning 
in May, give the tree a quick rap, and you will be likely 
to enjoy the pleasure. 

THE PEACH TREE BORER. 

This troublesome insect attacks the peach, nectarine 
and apricot, and if left unmolested will in a few years 
become very destructive. Large orchards fall a prey to 



THE PEACH TREE BORER. 89 

its ravages, and even nursery trees do not always escape 
its attacks. Its presence is indicated by a trashy looking 
gum that exudes from the tree about the surface of the 
ground. Figures 83 and 84 represent the insect of the 





Fig. 83 — Male insect of peach Fig. 84.— Female insect of peach 

tree borer. tree borer. 

peachtree borer. In summer these insects deposit eggs 
in the bark of the tree near the top of the ground. The 
eggs are hatched in a short time, and in the form of a 
white grub bore their way under the bark, often girdling 
and entirely destroying the tree. The destruction of the 
borers is not very difficult, as they confine themselves to 
the bark. All trees must be carefully examined before they 
are set out, as borers often get into them before they are 
taken from the nursery. In early spring apply the coal 
tar wash, and rake up a small mound of earth around the 
tree. As the eggs are always deposited near the surface 
of the ground, in trees that are hilled up they will be a 
considerable distance from the root, where they can be 
easily found and destroyed. Besides, the bark several 
inches above the ground is harder than that near the sur- 
face, and resists their attacks more effectively. 

Let the mound of earth remain till winter, then rake 
it away down to the roots, examine the tree for borers and 
make another application of the wash. Do not replace 
6 



90 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

the dirt till early the next spring, when the process is 
repeated. In this manner the tree can be kept clear of 
borers. 

APPLE TREE BORERS. 

These borers are entirely distinct from the one just 
described, and as they do not confine their attacks to the 
bark, but perforate the wood in all directions, are more 
injurious, and not so easily destroyed. Several of them 
will soon kill a thrifty tree. In summer the eggs are 
laid by beetles on the bark near the ground or in the 
forks or wounded places, and they soon hatch and begin 
their circuit through the tree. Examine the trees often 
and kill the borers by thrusting a flexible wire into the 
holes made by them, or hunt them out with a knife, in- 
juring the tree as little as possible. 

Their attacks are prevented to some extent by appli- 
cations of the coal tar wash to the bodies and forks of the 
trees. 

THE APPLE WORM OR CODLING MOTH. 

This insect is most injurious to the apple, but also at- 
tacks the pear. 

The eggs are deposited in the blossom end of the young 
fruit in spring. They soon hatch and burrow into the 
core of the fruit, which ripens prematurely and drops to 
the ground. In about three weeks the worm attains its 
full size, and emerges from the fruit through a hole which 
it makes in the side. It conceals itself under scales of 
bark or in other such place, and in a few weeks is trans- 
formed into a winged insect, which repeats the process of 



THE TENT CATERPILLAR. 91 

laying eggs in the young fruit. The fall brood does not 
appear as moths until spring, remaining in the cocoons 
during winter. As a means of preventing the multiplica- 
tion of these insects, Mr. Downing recommends the 
building of bonfires in the orchard at night during 
spring and summer. Many of the moths and other in- 
sects are destroyed in the flames. 

It is very important to wash and clean the bark of the 
trees in early spring, and see that no cocoons are left in 
•the crevices or under the scales of bark. 

All immature fruit that falls to ihe ground should be 
picked up at once. If hogs are kept in the orchard, they 
destroy many of the worms by eating the fallen fruit. 

THE TENT CATERPILLAR. 

This troublesome insect often proves very injurious to 
apple orchards. In summer a reddish brown moth lays 
-eggs in rings, on the branches of the trees, usually 
in the forks or near the ends of the limbs. A single ring 
often contains several hundred eggs. These eggs remain 
till the following spring, when they hatch and begin 
their ravages upon the foliage. For several weeks they 
feed voraciously, and often leave the trees almost bare of 
leaves. They then spin their cocoons, pass into the 
pupa state, and in a few weeks come forth winged in- 
sects to lay eggs for the next spring's hatching. They 
-can be destroyed by cutting off and burning the ends of 
the limbs containing the rings of eggs, and by raking 
-off and killing all that have hatched and spun their 
webs. 

They will be found in their tents early in the morning. 



FRUIT TREES ADAPTED TO PARTICULAR 
LOCALITIES. 



In all sections of the United States there are large nur- 
series conducted by men of intelligence and experience,, 
who prepare annual catalogues of much value to fruit 
raisers. By reading these a great deal will be learned 
concerning the fruits adapted to particular localities. 
Every person will learn something on this subject by 
observing the orchards in his own vicinity. There are 
so many varieties of fruit in cultivation, that in a book 
of this size only a small portion of them can be even brief- 
ly described ; but while many good varieties are omitted 
in the lists which are given in this work, they are com- 
posed principally of well known varieties which cover 
the entire season, and will be found sufficient for most 
purposes. 



CHAPTER XXII. 



THE APPLE. 



This king of fruits, whose range is almost unlimited 
has been cultivated and highly esteemed;from the most 
remote period. It is grown in nearly all parts of the 
United States, and in some sections attains to the highest 
degree of excellence. The apple is propagated by bud- 
ding and grafting on its own seedlings. Pieces of roots 
are sometimes used as stocks, but this practice is con- 
demned by some of our most intelligent pomologists, as 
having a tendency to produce feeble and short-lived trees. 
Originating from a wild and worthless species, fhe ap- 
ple has, by a long period of amelioration through cultiva- 
tion and reproduction from seed, reached its present de- 
gree of perfection. By planting a succession of varieties 
and using some care to preserve them, we may have this 
fruit fresh during the entire year. The trees are rather 
slow growing, hardy and long-lived, sometimes reaching 
the age of one hundred or more years. The apple will 
succeed in almost any kind of soil, unless it is very wet 
or very dry and sandy, if well cultivated and manured. 
In portions of the South, the trees are often injured, in 
many instances totally destroyed, by two much exposure 
of the bodies to the hot afternoon sun. This can to some 
extent be avoided by planting orchards in northern or 
northeastern exposures, and training the trees with low 
heads, or by setting up boards on the southwest side. 



94 



THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 



Two boards nailed together by their edges at right angles 
and placed securely near the tree protect it very effective- 
ly. While the apple is a world-renown fruit, many of 
its varieties are exceedingly local in their habits. At 




Fig. 85. — Siberian Crabs. 

the South we must rely upon our native seedlings for 
late fall and winter varieties. The finest Northern apples 
of this class when brought to the South fail to mature 
their fruit, which often drops off in August. Earlier fall 
and summer varieties of Northern origin succeed at the 



THE APPLE. 95 

South, but they ripen much sooner. Even in the State 
of Georgia, some varieties that succeed well in the moun- 
tainous regions are worthless lower down in the State. 

Observation and the experience of intelligent fruit 
raisers will often be necessary to make a good selection of 
apple trees. For orchards, vigorous young trees one 
or two years old from the graft should be selected. They 
are planted at distances varying from twenty to thirty 
feet. When the greater distance is adopted, the spaces 
between the trees are usually filled with other shorter- 
lived trees, which will be out of the way by the time the 
apples require the ground. When planted at this dis- 
tance, other crops are cultivated in the orchard very con- 
veniently, but if the entire space is to be given up to the 
trees, twenty feet apart each way is-a very suitable dis- 
tance. Unless the young fruit is killed by frosts, apple 
trees usually bear full crops in alternate years. By thin- 
ning the young fruit in the bearing year and giving the 
trees liberal supplies of manure, crops may be had an- 
nually. The soil of many apple orchards is so impover- 
ished that they cannot produce respectable crops even 
in the alternate years. In most soils lime and ashes aro 
needed in abundance, but almost any kind of manure 
will be found beneficial, the more the better. Of course, 
no sensible person would heap up a whole barrel of lime- 
around the trunk of a single tree ; but there is far more 
danger that the orchard will suffer from want of manure 
than from too large a quanity. The kind of manure used 
and the condition of trees and soil will determined how 
much is necessary. It is better to give up the ground to 
the trees, manuring annually and keeping the soil clean 
and mellow by cultivation, but if crops are to be gather- 



96 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

edfrom the orchard, a sufficient quantity of manure must 
be used to supply all demands of both crop and trees. 
After a well-shaped, evenly-balanced head has been ob- 
tained in the apple tree, little pruning will be required, 
other than cutting out dead wood and crossing branches, 
or such as interfere with each other's growth, and remov- 
ing suckers from the roots. 

DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF APPLES. 
SUMMER VARIETIES. 

In this list of apples, the names of the kinds most pop- 
ular in Georgia are in bold-faced type. The names in 
italics are synonyms. 

Astrachan Red* 

Large, yellow, roundish conical, covered with crimson > 
flesh juicy, crisp and tender; calyx prominent; tree 
vigorous and prolific, bears young ; ripens in May and 
June ; an excellent early apple. 

Carolina Red June. 

(Red June.) Medium, conical, deep red; flesh white, 
juicy, subacid ; variable stalk, in narrow cavity ; basin 
narrow, with closed calyx ; tree vigorous, upright ; bears 
early and abundantly. June. 

Carolina Watson. 

Large, oblate conical ; greenish, striped with red, and 
dull red cheek ; flesh white, subacid, of good quality ; 
tree very prolific ; ripens in July. 

Early Harvest. 

Medium to large, straw color, with white dots, round- 
ish, or roundish oblate ; flesh tender, juicy and finely fla- 



THE APPLE. 97 

vored; stalk about an inch long; cavity medium ; basin 
shallow; ripens in June; tree moderately vigorous, 
spreading ; a very popular and profitable apple. 

Early Red Margaret. 

(Striped June.) Below medium, rather flat; skin green- 
ish yellow, with dark red stripes ; flesh white, subacid, of 
agreeable flavor; tree a moderate bearer; June to July. 

EARLY RIPE. 
Similar to Early Harvest, larger and later. 

Family. 

Medium, oblate conical ; yellowish, striped with dull 
red ; flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid ; stalk short ; 
cavity large ; calyx closed, in basin of medium depth ; 
tree a regular grower and prolific. July to August. 

FANNY. 
Large, roundish, deep red, with light dots ; flesh white, 
•stained next the skin, tender, subacid, pleasant flavor ; 
small short stalk, in deep cavity ; closed calyx ; tree vig- 
orous and productive. July. 

FOURTH OF JULY. 
Medium, roundish, yellow, striped with red ; flesh 
white, subacid ; tree a strong upright grower ; short stalk 
in medium cavity ; calyx closed. June. 
GOLDEN SWEET. 
Large, roundish, straw color; flesh tender, excellent 
quality; tree spreading, vigorous and prolific. June. 
Hames. 
Very large, roundish oblate ; yellow with crimson 
cheek and dark carmine stripes ; flesh white, coarse, acid ; 
short stalk in large cavity ; calyx closed, in medium ba- 
sin ; ripens in June. Origin, Troup county, Ga. 



98 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

Hightop Sweet. 

Medium, roundish, yellow, with green dots; flesh yel- 
low, sweet and<of pleasant flavor ; stalk inserted in a deep 
cavity ; shallow basin, with closed calyx ; vigorous, pro- 
ductive. June. 

Horse. 

A popular, well known summer f fruit. 

Jewette's jBest. 

Large, oblate, yellowish green, with red cheek; flesh 
yellowish, subacid, pleasant flavor; small basin, with 
closed calyx; stalk short, in large cavity; tree vigorous. 
August. 

Julian. 

Medium, conical, yellow, with crimson stripes; flesh 
yellowish white, tender, subacid, highly flavored; small 
stalk, in deep basin ; tree vigorous, prolific. July. 

Kansas Queen. 

Medium, yellow, nearly covered with crimson ; flesh 
white, subacid, firm and of good quality ; stalk short, in 
deep cavity; almost or entirely closed calyx in basin 'of 
medium depth ; tree vigorous and productive. 

KNOWLES' EARLY. 
Small, roundish oblate, greenish^yellow, with crimson 
stripes; flesh white, tender, subacid, of good quality; 
long stalk ; closed calyx ; tree moderately vigorous, pro- 
lific. Ripens with Astrachan Red. 

LADY. 

Small, regular, flat, yellow withered cheek ; flesh white, 
tender, juicy, and with a pleasant flavor; tree very pro- 
lific. August. 



THE APPLE. 99 

MAIDEN'S BLUSH. 
Medium, yellow, with crimson cheek; flesh white, sub- 
acid, sprightly ; tree a rapid grower and fine bearer. Au- 
gust. 

MOTHER. 
Medium, roundish, yellow ground, nearly covered with 
red; flesh rich, subacid, of good quality; short stalk; 
closed calyx; tree moderately vigorous, upright, prolific. 
Last of August. 

Nantalialee. 
Medium, oblate conic, yellowish green ; flesh white, 
tender, acid and of good quality ; medium stalk in large 
cavity; small basin with closed calyx ; tree a rapid, strag- 
gling grower. July. 

Rhodes' Orange. 

Medium, conical, red on yellowish ground ; flesh white, 
subacid and of pleasant flavor ; tree a slow grower. July. 

Sweet Bough. 

(Large Yellow Bough.) Above medium, yellow, oblong, 
ovate ; flesh white, tender, sweet ; tree moderately vigor- 
ous and prolific. July. 

Sops of Wine. 

(Hominy.) Medium, roundish ; yellow, shaded with 
deep red ; flesh white, tender, very good; small stalk, in 
a narrow cavity; calyx closed, in shallow basin; tree 
moderately vigorous and a good bearer. June to July. 

SUMMER R08E. 
Below medium, yellow, striped with red ; flesh tender, 
juicy, excellent ; often in clusters; short stalk ; closed 
calyx, in deep basin ; tree vigorous, bears early. July. 



100 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

TET OF SKY. 

Medium, nearly round, yellow, striped with red ; flesh 
white, juicy, acid ; tree a regular and early bearer. A 
Russian apple. June. 

WASHINGTON STRAWBERRY. 

Large, yellow, roundish, conical ; flesh yellow, coarse, 
juicy, subacid ; tree a regular and early bearer. June. 

Yellow May. 

{May Pippin, Early May, White Juneating.) Small, 
round, yellow ; flesh crisp, and of pleasant flavor ; tree 
moderately vigorous and productive ; the first of the sea- 
son. 

Yellow June. 

Medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with brown dots ; 
flesh white, sprightly, subacid, and of good quality. 
Ripens with Red June. 

AUTUMN VARIETIES. 

BONUM. 

Medium, oblate, yellow, shaded with crimson, and 
sprinkled with light dots; flesh white, rich and of fine 
quality; tree upright spreading a strong grower, and 
early and abundant bearer. Origin, North Carolina. 

Buckingham. 

(Equinetely). Large, oblate, yellow, with red cheek, 
and light brown dots ; flesh yellow, coarse, juicy, subacid; 
closed calyx, in deep basin; tree vigorous and bears 
young. Last September. 



THE APPLE. 101 

Carter's Blue. 

Very large, roundish oblate greenish, washed with> 
dull red, covered with a blue I loom ; flesh yellow, su- 
gary, aromatic ; tree an upright grower and early bearer. 
September. 

COLVERT. 

Large, roundish, greenish yellow, shaded with dull red; 
flesh whitish, juicy, subacid and of fair quality; tree 
vigorous and very productive. September. 

Disharoon. 

Medium to large, conical, greenish, with gray dots ; 
flesh yellow, tender, juicy, subacia and of pleasant flavor ; 
origin, Habersham county, Georgia; tree a strong, up- 
right grower, productive. October. 

Elgin Pippin. 

Very large, oblate, orange, with gray dots; flesh yellow, 
crisp, subacid, of good quality; open calyx, in deep ba- 
sin ; tree a strong grower. August and September. 
GOLDEN RUSSET. 

Medium, yellowish, nearly covered with russet, with a 
bronzed cheek ; flesh whitish, compact, subacid ; stalk 
short, in cavity of medium depth ; closed calyx, in broad 
basin ; tree a thrifty, irregular grower, and early bearer. 
October. 

Gravenstein. 

Large, flattened, yellow, marbled with red and orange ; 
flesh tender, aromatic, of fine flavor ; short stalk ; deep 
basin, with closed calyx; tree a strong grower, spreading, 
bears young. September. 



102 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

Green Cheese. 

Medium, oblate, greenish yellow, with brown dots; 
flesh yellow, tender, subacid; cavity deep, calyx closed; 
tree moderately vigorous, prolific. A good keeper. Last 
of September. 

Grimes' Golden Pippin. 

Medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with light dots ; 
flesh yellow, juicy, crisp, aromatic; tree vigorous, pro- 
lific, upright spreading. September and October. 

HOOVER. 

Medium, roundish oblate, dark red; flesh yellow, firm, 
juicy, subacid and of good flavor ; tree upright spread- 
ing, with large foliage ; origin South Carolina. Septem- 
ber and October. 

HUNGE. 

Large, roundish, pale green, with a brown blush ; flesh 
tender and juicy; good for drying and cooking; tree 
rapid grower and prolific. Early autumn. 

JLaurens Greening. 

Large, oblate, greenish; flesh white, acid and of pleas- 
ant flavor ; tree a strong grower ; origin Laurens county, 
■Georgia. September 

Mamma. 

Large, oblate, red ; flesh yellow, subacid, of fine flavor ; 
tree a strong, compact grower. October. 

Oconee Greening. 

Large, roundish, yellow, with scattering russet dots; 
flesh yellow, crisp, aromatic, subacid ; basin shallow, with 



THE APPLE. 103 

open calyx ; stalk short, in a deep cavity ; tree a strong 
grower, prolific ; origin Georgia. September and Octo- 
ber. 

Red Winter Pearinain. 

(Buncombe.) Large, oblong, yellowish white, nearly cov- 
ered with carmine ; flesh yellow, nearly sweet, and of ex- 
cellent quality ; very short stalk, in deep cavity ; calyx 
closed ; tree an upright grower and regular bearer. Last 
of September. 

ROXBTJRY RUSSET. 

Large, roundish, brownish yellow ; flesh greenish, 
moderately juicy, subacid, and of good quality ; tree 
spreading, very prolific. October. 

Simmons' 1 Red. 

Large, oblate, red, on yellow ground ; flesh yellow, su- 
gary, aromatic ; tree vigorous and upright grower and 
early bearer. June to September. 

Taunton. 

Rather large, conical, greenish yellow, with red cheek ; 
flesh yellow, tender, acid, fine flavor ; deep cavity ; closed 
calyx ; tree vigorous and prolific, but a straggling grower. 
First of September. 

WINE. 

Medium to large, roundish oblate, red, on a yellow 
ground; flesh crisp, juicy, vinous and of pleasant flavor ; 
tree thrifty, prolific, has small leaves and a spreading 
head. September. 

Yopp's Favorite. 

Large, roundish, greenish yellow, with a few russet 



104 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

dots ; flesh white, juicy, subacid ; stalk short, in deep 
cavity ; open calyx in deep basin ; tree moderately vig- 
orous, upright spreading, prolific. September and Oc- 
tober. 

WINTER VARIETIES. 

Ben Davis. 

Medium to large, roundish, greenish yellow, with crim- 
son cheek ; flesh white, tender, subacid, of pleasant fla- 
vor ; calyx partially open, in broad basin ; deep cavity, 
with slender stalk ; tree strong grower, prolific, early 
bearing ; excellent keeper. , 

Black Twig. 

Medium, oblate, yellow, shaded with red, and sprinkled 
with brown dots ; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, subacid, of 
good quality; tree vigorous, with an open spreading 
head, and a regular bearer. Supposed to have originated 
in Tennessee. November. 

Black Warrior. 

Medium, roundish, green with scattering brown dots ; 
flesh white, firm, subacid, and of good quality. A good 
keeper ; tree prolific. October. 

Cannon Pearmain. 

Medium, conical, yellow, shaded red, with grayish dots; 
flesh firm, yellow, subacid, of very good quality ; open 
calyx, in deep basin ; small cavity with short stalk ; 
keeps well; tree a strong grower, spreading, prolific. 

Clarke Pearmain. 

Medium, oblate, greenish yellow, nearly covered with 



THE APPLE. 105 

red, and russet dots; flesh yellow, crisp, subacid, good 
•quality ; closed calyx, in small basin ; tree a slow grower, 
prolific. November. 

Chattahoochee. 

Medium, greenish, with a red cheek ; flesh yellowish, 
tender, of pleasant flavor; calyx partially open, in a 
large, deep basin ;tree upright grower, vigorous and pro- 
lific. November. 

Cullasaga. 

Medium to large, roundish, yellow, nearly covered with 
dark crimson, and whitish dots; flesh yellow, subacid, of 
good quality ; open calyx, in shallow basin ; tree a good 
grower and prolific. November. 

Edwards. 

Below medium, oblate, yellow, striped with red ; flesh 
firm, juicy, and of fair quality ; tree moderately vigorous 
and productive. Origin, North Carolina. 

Etowah. 

Medium, conical, yellow, nearly covered with bright 
red ; flesh whitish, crisp, sweet, of pleasant flavor and 
good quality ; half open calyx in very deep basin ; short 
stalk, in deep cavity ; tree moderately vigorous, upright 
grower, a regular and abundant bearer. 

Hockett's Sweet. 

Medium to large, roundish oblate, deep red on yellow 
ground ; flesh yellowish white, crisp, sweet ; of good 
quality ; tree prolific. Origin, North Carolina. October. 

Hewes' Virginia Crab. 

Very small, roundish, dull red with white specks ; 

7 



106 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

flesh fibrous, acid, astringent ; tree small, healthy, and 
remarkably prolific ; one of the best cider apples. 

Kittagesk.ee. 

Medium, oblate, yellow with dark colored dots ; flesh 
yellow, tender, subacid, of good quality; partially 
closed calyx, in shallow basin ; short stalk, in broad cav- 
ity ; tree of strong, spreading growth. November. 

LIMBER TWIG. 

Medium, oblate, shaded and striped with crimson, 
sprinkled with light dots ; flesh white, rather firm, juicy, 
subacid, of fair quality ; cavity deep ; basin small, with 
closed calyx ; tree moderately vigorous, prolific. Novem- 
ber. 

Mauguiu. 

Medium, oblate, yellow, with red shade and bronze 
dots ; flesh yellow, very tender and juicy ; tree moder- 
ately vigorous and productive. October. 
MASON'S STRANGER. 

Medium, oblate, yellow, with a light red cheek and 
brown dots ; flesh white, compact, crisp, nearly sweet, of 
good quality ; tree a strong grower, a regular and abun- 
dant bearer; open calyx, in deep basin; origin, Vir- 
ginia. 

Maverick's Sweet. 

Large, oblate, greenish yellow, with dark red cheek and 
gray dots; flesh yellow, rather coarse, sweet; calyx open, 
in deep basin ; tree a good grower and early bearer ; orig- 
inated in Pendleton, South Carolina. October. 

Mountain Sweet. 

Large, roundish oblate, yellow ground, small dots; 



THE APPLE 107 

flesh white, tender, sweet, of good quality ; origin, Penn- 
sylvania. 

Nicfeajack. 

Large, roundish, shaded with red and having a gray- 
ish appearance; flesh yellow, rather firm, of only fair 
quality ; large cavity ; partially open calyx, in medium 
basin; tree upright spreading, vigorous and prolific; 
best for mountain region ; origin, North Carolina. No- 
vember. 

PRYOR'S RED. 

Medium to large, red, with light colored dots and rus- 
set ; flesh yellow, juicy, subacid, of pleasant flavor ; closed 
calyx, in a small basin ; tree moderately vigorous and 
productive. November. 

RAWLE'8 JANET. 

Large, conical, yellowish, shaded with red, striped with 
crimson ; flesh yellow, juicy, subacid, of pleasant flavor ; 
partially open calyx, in a shallow basin ; tree a strong, 
spreading grower and good bearer ; origin, Virginia. 

Romanite. 

Small to medium, conical, red, with light dots on yel- 
low ground ; flesh yellow, juicy, subacid, of good quality ; 
tree of vigorous, spreading growth, prolific ; by some, con- 
sidered identical with Shockley. October. 

Rome Beauty. 

Large, roundish, yellow, shaded and striped with bright 
red ; flesh yellow, tender, subacid, of good quality ; cavity 
deep; partially open calyx, in deep basin ; tree moder- 
ately vigorous and productive ; origin, Ohio. October 
and November. 



108 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

Santa. 

Medium to large, oblate, light yellow and russet ; flesh 
yellowish, tender, subacid, of fair quality ; popular in 
some localities; supposed to have originated in White 
county, Georgia; tree a spreading and moderately vig- 
orous grower. October. 

Shockley. 

Small to medium, conical, yellow, with a bright, red 
cheek ; flesh crisp, juicy, of fair quality ; shallow ba- 
sin, with partially closed calyx ; long stalk in a deep 
cavity; tree a vigorous, upright grower, very prolific, bears 
young ; a good keeper and very popular in some sections ; 
origin, Georgia. October. 

Stephenson's Winter. 

Medium to large, oblate, greenish yellow, covered with 
brown; flesh whitish, firm, juicy, subacid, of good qual- 
ity ; calyx open ; stalk long ; tree a moderate grower and 
regular bearer ; a good keeper ; origin, Mississippi. 

Striped Winter Pearmain. 

Large, yellow, nearly covered with a shade of red, 
sprinkled with gray dots ; flesh yellow, crisp, tender, 
subacid, of good quality ; small calyx in broad basin ; 
short stalk, in large cavity; tree vigorous, spreadiDg, 
prolific. November. 

STUMP. 

Medium, yellow, nearly covered with red; flesh white, 
crisp, tender, subacid ; calyx partially open ; tree a mod- 
erate grower, spreading, prolific. October. 

Waugli's Crab. 

Small, conical, red; flesh whitish, firm, subacid, of 



THE APPLE. 109 

good quality ; tree a strong grower, prolific ; a good cider 
apple. 

Wine Sap. 

Medium, oblong, dark red; flesh yellow, firm, of^fine 
flavor; tree an irregular grower, bears early; a good 
keeper, and excellent for cider ; should be in every or- 
chard. 

Yates. 

Small, oblate, dark red, with small white dots ; flesh 
white, firm, juicy, and of pleasant aroma ; tree an up- 
right grower and very prolific ; an excellent keeper and 
one of the best cider apples ; origin, Georgia. 

YELLOW NEWTON PIPPIN. 

(Albemarle Pippin.) Large, roundish, yellow, some- 
times with red cheek; flesh firm, yellow, acid, of pleasant 
flavor ; tree a slow grower ; good bearer. 

YORK IMPERIAL. 

Medium, roundish, whitish, shaded with crimson, a 
few gray dots; flesh yellow, juicy, subacid, very good; 
tree a fair grower and bearer ; closed, or partially open 
calyx, in deep basin. 

CKAB APPLES. 

The crabs in the following list are both ornamental 
and useful : 

Red Siberian. 
Yellow Siberian. 
Transcendent. 
Golden. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 



THE APRICOT. 

This excellent fruit, partaking of the nature both of 
the peach and the plum, is hardy south of the 43d de- 
gree of latitude in this country, and should find a place 




Fig. 86.— Moorpark Apricot. 

in every collection of fruit trees. The native countiy of 
the apricot is uncertain, but it is cultivated largely in 
both Europe and Asia. The stone is smooth like that of 



THE APRICOT. Ill 

the plum, but the flavor is more like that of the peach. 
Its large white blossoms appear early in spring, and 
render the tree very attractive, but the young fruit is 
often killed by frost. The apricot should be planted near 
the house with a northern exposure, as a protection 
against the frosts of early spring. It is propagated by 
budding or grafting on the peach, almond, plum, or its 
own roots. The plum is by some considered the best 
stock, especially so when the trees are to be planted on 
heavy soil, but peach stocks are generally preferred. 
Hardy and productive trees are sometimes raised from 
the seed. The directions given for cultivating, manuring, 
pruning and training the peach apply as well to the 
apricot. 

DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF VARIETIES. 

BREDA. 
Small, roundish, sometimes rather four-sided, one of 
the best varieties ; free stone, yellow flesh, ripens early. 
Originated in Africa. 

BLACK. 

Small and round, resembling a dark round plum ; skin 
pale red in the shade, but reddish purple in the sun, cov- 
ered with slight down ; flesh red next the skin, yellow 
near the stone, adhering to the stone somewhat, juicy 
and pleasantly flavored ; very hardy, small oval foliage. 
June. 

;early|golden. 

Free stone, medium size, roundish oval, skin light 
orange, flesh yellow and juicy ; tree vigorous grower ; 
ripens early in June. 

HEMSKIRKE. 

Large, roundish, resembles Moorpark; orange skin 



112 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

with crimson cheek ; flesh rich and juicy ; stone small ;. 
ripens earlier than the Moor park. 

KAISHA. 

Medium, roundish, light yellow, mottled with red in 
the sun; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, parting freely 
from the stone; tree tender and unhealthy; a variety 
from Syria. Season medium. 

LARGE EARLY 

Medium, oblong and compressed; suture deep; skin 
orange, with spotted cheek, slightly downy ; flesh orange, 
juicy, sweet, and separates readily from the stone ; tree 
vigorous and productive. Season early. 

LARGE RED. 

Large, deep orange red; flesh rich and juicy, separat- 
ing freely from the stone ; tree hardy ; a variety of Peach 
apricot. Season medium. 

Z MOORPARK. 
Large, roundish, skin orange in the shade, deep 
orange or brownish red in the sun, with numerous dots 
and specks ; flesh bright orange, firm, very juicy, sepa- 
rating freely from the stone. A fine variety, very popu- 
lar and widely disseminated in this country; ripens late- 

ORANGE. 

Medium, roundish, orange, with a ruddy tint in the 
sun ; flesh yellow, tolerably juicy, does not separate en- 
tirely from stone. Small stone, roundish ; season me- 
dium. 
I EACH. 

Roundish, very large, skin orange, with deep orange 
cheek, spotted with brown, resembles the Moorpark, only 
a little larger, and ripens about the time of it ; flesh 
very rich and juicy. One of the best apricots that we 
have. July. 

ROYAL. 

Large, roundish oval ; skin yellow ; flesh light orange, 
firm, juicy, delicious, slightly vinous. Season medium. 



THE APRICOT. 113 

ROMAN. 

' Size medium; skin pale yellow, sometimes dotted with 
red in the sun; flesh dull yellow, soft, dry ; stone oblong, 
with bitter kernel. The blossoms will bear a severe frost 
without injury. One of the largest growing and hardiest 
apricots we have. 

RUSSIAN. 

Very valuable, being productive and of good quality 
and ripening early ; tree hardy. 

SHIPLEYS. 
(Blenheim). Small or medium size; skin orange; 
flesh deep yellow, juicy and moderately rich; stone 
roundish with bitter kernel ; growth vigorous but slen- 
der. Early variety. 

ST. AMBROISE. 

Large, early ; color yellow, reddish next the sun ; flesh 
juicy, sweet and rich. Almost the size and earlier than 
the Moorpark ; season medium. 

TURKEY. 

Roundish, of medium size, yellow, with brownish 
orange cheek ; flesh yellow, firm, sweet and slightly acid ; 
freestone. Season late. 



CHAPTER XXIV. 



THE BLACKBERRY 

Islndigenous to this country and at the South grows 
wild in great profusion. On account of the abundant 
supplies of this berry, which may be gathered from our 
old fields, it has been cultivated, in most sections of the 
Southern States, to a very limited extent. The fruit is 
very valuable, being used for cooking in various ways, 
evaporating, wine-making, etc. It is much improved by 





Fig. 87.— Wilson's Early. Fig. 88 — Kittattinny. 

cultivation, requiring about the same pruning as the 
raspberry. The propagation from suckers and root cut- 
tings is very easy and rapid. White varieties of this 
fruit are sometimes found growing wild among the blacks. 
While something of a novelty, they are of no especial 
value. The fruit of the trailing dewberry is superior to 



THE BLAEBERRY. 115 

that of the high bushes, and ripens several days earlier. 
Of the improved kinds, Wilson's Early and Kittattinny 
are among the best. Even at the South a rich spot of 
ground planted in the best varieties of blackberries, prop- 
erly pruned and cultivated, gives very satisfactory 
results. 

DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF VARIETIES. 

LAWTON. 

(New Rochelle.) Large, oval, very black when fully 
ripe; quite sweet and juicy, rather soft and tender; the 
granules are larger, consequently the fruit is less seedy 
than any other kind; of vigorous growth, strong spines, 
hardy and very productive. 
♦ WILSON'S EARLY. 

Large, oblong, oval, black ; flesh firm, sweet ; growth 
trailing somewhat ; hardy, productive ; said to be the 
earliest variety yet introduced; valuable for market. 
May and June. 

CRYSTAL WHITE. 
Medium, oblong, creamy white, translucent ; sweet, 
very good ; vigorous grower, suckers freely, not hardy ; 
desirable simply as a curiosity. 

DORCHESTER. 
Large, oblong, conic, glossy black ; sweet and highly 
flavored ; high bush; a vigorous grower, heavy bearer ; 
before they are gathered, the berries should be fully ma- 
tured. 

HOOSAC THORNLESS. 

Medium, fine quality, hardy and prolific ; almost thorn- 
less; a very promising variety. 

KITTATTINNY. 

Very large, roundish, conical, rich shining black, mod- 
erately firm, juicy, rich, sweet, luscious; canes hardy and 
productive, ripening early and continuing a long time. 
The best variety for general planting, either for home use 
or market. 



CHAPTER XXV. 



THE CHERRY. 

The cherry, which came originally from Asia, is es- 
teemed both for its fruit and its shade. In some coun- 
tries large numbers of the trees are planted along the 
road-side, from which the traveler gathers the fruit at 
pleasure. The wood is susceptible of a high degree of 
polish, and is considered very valuable. The cherry is 
divided into two distinct classes. The trees of the first 
class, which comprises the Hearts and Bigarreaus, are of 
very vigorous growth, with luxuriant foliage, spreading 
branches and drooping leaves, while the fruit is of heart- 
shape, sweet and tender. Of the second class, which 
comprises the Dukes, Morelloes and common Pie cherries, 
the trees are smaller and of more compact growth, and 
the fruit decidedly acid. The cherry is propagated by 
budding and grafting on seedling stocks. For standard 
trees, stocks are obtained from the seeds of the Mazzard, 
a very free growing sort ; but as standards do not succeed 
in the warmer portions of the Southern States, seed- 
lings of the Mahaleb or Perfmued cherry are used, as- 
they dwarf the growth, thus inducing fruitfulness, and 
they succeed on a greater variety of soils than the standard 
stocks. Plant the seeds in fall ; they can be kept till 
spring, but if sprouting begins before they are planted, 
there is danger of their being lost. The seeds should be- 



THE CHERRY. 



117 



covered lightly, and if the ground is liable to become 
crusted on top, a light mulch of some kind should be 




Fig. 89— Early Richmond Cherry. 

used. The cherry is grafted very early, before the buds 
begin to swell. It succeeds best on dry soils of only 



118 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

moderate fertility, and requires very little pruning. 
When large limbs are cut, gum exudes from the wound 
which often induces decay. Start the trees while young 
with short bodies and well balanced heads, and when 
grown little pruning will be necessary. A few trees of 
common Pie cherry, planted in hard ground near the 
house, will usually give large quantities of fruit of fair 
quality ; but do not rely on these entirely ; plant some 
of the improved kinds also. 

DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF VARIETIES. 
Dukes and Morelloes. 

BELLE DbCHOISY. 

Round or slightly depressed ; amber colored, mottled 
with red ; skin very thin ; stalk short and swollen at 
the upper end ; flavor mild, subacid ; trees make a fine 
pyramid ; need good cultivation. Originated in France. 
May and June. 

BELLE MAGNIFIQUE. 

Large, roundish, bright red ; stalk long, slender, i n. 
open, medium cavity ; flesh tender, juicy, subacid ; tre e 
hardy ; moderately vigorous, productive. June. 
CARNATION. 

Large, round, yellowish white, mottled with red ; stalk 
stout ; flesh tender, juicy; moderate, but regular bearer ; 
foliage large, wood strong ; fruit hangs a long while on 
the branches. Season of ripening medium. 
EARLY RICHMOND. 

Medium dark red ; flesh melting, juicy, sprightly, very 
good ; tree a splendid grower, with roundish, spreading 
head, exceedingly productive ; one of the most hardy va- 
rieties ; fine for cooking purposes. May. 



THE CHERRY. 11£ 

EMPRESS EUGENIE. 
Large, roundish, flattened, dark red; suture broad, 
shallow ; stalk short in deep cavity ; flesh red, tender and 
juicy, very good ; dwarf in habit ; shoots stout, very pro- 
ductive. May and June. 

ENGLISH MORELLO. 
Large, round, heart-shaped, dark red ; flesh dark red, 
tender, juicy, subacid flavor ; very productive, valuable 
for preserves, a very fine fruit. May and June. 

MAY DUKE. 

Large, roundish, red, almost black when ripe ; flesh 
reddish, tender and melting, excellent flavor at matur- 
ity ; tree very hardy, early, though often varying in its 
season of ripening. Origin France. May. 
OLIVET. 

Large, globular, bright, deep red ; flesh red, tender, 
rich and vinous; it possesses the fertility of the best of 
Duke tribe, and is the largest, perhaps, of that class. Of 
French origin, said to be very early, and to ripen over a 
long period. 

REINE HORTENSE. 

Very large, roundish, skin bright red, slightly mot- 
tled ; suture distinctly marked by a line without any 
depression ; flesh tender, juicy, subacid, delicious; tree 
healthy, productive, very handsome. French origin, of 
Duke habit. Medium season. 

ROYAL DUKE. 
Large, roundish, and oblate or flattened ; skin dark red; 
flesh reddish, tender, very juicy, good ; of upright growth, 
compact head, branches less slender than Mayduke; 
moderate bearer. 

HEART AND BEGARREAU. 

AMERICAN AMBER. 
Medium, roundish, heart-shaped, slightly indented at 
the apex ; skin thin, light amber, mottled with red ; 



120 THE NURSERY AND THB ORCHARD. 

stalk long and slender, inserted in narow cavity ; flesh 
tender, sprightly; tree vigorous and productive, raised 
by Daniel Bloodgood, of Flushing, Long Island. June. 

BAUMANNO'S MAY. 

Small, heart-shaped ; deep red, very dark when fully 
ripe ; stalk an inch and three-fourths long, set in narrow 
cavity; flesh purplish, tender, juicy ; growth vigorous, 
very productive, of good quality, of foreign origin, early 
in the season. 

BLACKgEAGLE. 

Large, dark red, nearly black, excellent quality ; flesh 
deep purple, tender, highly flavored ; stalk medium 
length and rather slender ; branches strong, with large 
leaves ; moderate bearer. 

BLACK HEART. 

Large, heart-shaped, little "^irregular, dark crimson, al- 
most black ; flesh tender, highly flavored; growth hardy ; 
an old variety everywhere esteemed. 
BLACK TARTARIAN. 

Large, heart-shaped, irregular and uneven on the sur- 
face, black ; flesh purplish, thick, half tender, rich, juicy; 
tree vigorous growth, bears well, very popular. It is a 
Russian and West Asian variety, introduced into Eng- 
land about 1796, and brought into this country. May 
and June. 

BOWYER'S EARLY HEART. 

Medium, obtuse, heart-shaped ; amber shade and mot- 
tled with red ; flesh tender, juicy, vinous, very hardy 
and prolific ; excellent for culinary purposes. May. 

CLEVELAND. 

Large, round, heart-shapedf; suture broad, almost 
round ; bright red, on yellowish ground ; flesh fine and 
juicy ; thrifty grower, spreading, productive and a fine 
fruit. Raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland. 



THE CHERRY. 121 

COE'S TRANSPARENT. 
Medium, remarkably round and regular in form; am- 
ber and red ; meat tender, very sweat and juicy ; tree 
vigorous and hardy, with round and spreading head. 
May. 

EARLY LAMAURIE. 

Large, purple, flesh rich, very juicy, excellent, similar 
to early purple Guigne, but earlier and a better tree. 
May. 

ELTON. 

Large, heart- shaped, pointed; skin thin, pale 3'ellow 
cheek mottled with red next the sun ; flesh firm, nearly 
tender and quite juicy; tree vigorous, readily known 
when in foliage by the dark red color of the foot stalks of 
the leaves. Last of May. 

FLORENCE. 

Large, heart-shaped, amber, mottled with red ; flesh 
amber color, firm, rich and sweet, very good ; stone small. 
Originally brought from Florence, Italy; fruit hangs on 
the tree a long time, will keep several days after gath- 
ering. June. 

GOVERNOR WOOD. 

Large, heart-shaped, pale yellow, marbled with red ; 
flesh nearly tender, juicy, sweet, of excellent flavor; tree 
vigorous, forming a regular head, prolific. May. 

IDA. 

Medium, conical, compressed, suture slight ; whitish 
yellow, almost covered with red ; stalk medium length, 
slender, inserted i n large, deep cavity ; flesh tender, 
juicy ; tree very vigorous, hardy, upright, profuse bearer. 
June. 

KIRTLAND'S MAMMOTH. 
Large, heart-shaped, bright yellow, marbled with red; 
flesh nearly tender, sweet and juicy ; tree vigorous, but 
poor bearer. 

8 



122 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

NAPOLEON BIGARREAU. 
Large, heart-shaped, inclining to oblong, pale yellow, 
marbled with red; flesh firm, juicy, fine flavored; stalk 
stout, short, and set in a narrow cavity ; a good and con- 
stant bearer, vigorous grower. June. 
OHIO BEAUTY. 

Large, heart-shaped, very handsome, almost covered 

with red on light ground ; flesh tender, brisk, juicy ; tree 

vigorous and productive, with spreading head, a very 

valuable kind. Originated by Professor Kirtland. May. 

ROCKPORT. 

Large, roundish, heart-shaped, bright red, with a shade 
of amber; flesh rather firm, juicy and very sweet ; tree 
vigorous, healthy, upright, a good bearer ; raised by Dr. 
Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, one of the very best in qual- 
ity. May. 

WERDER'S EARhY BLACK. 
Large, roundish, heart-shaped, black; flesh purple, 
-tender, sweet and excellent; tree vigorous, spreading, 
moderately productive ; an early variety. 



CHAPTER XXVI. 



THE CURRANT. 

For a long period this cooling and healthful fruit has 
been much esteemed and largely cultivated in climates 
adapted to its growth. It succeeds admirably in the 
mountainous regions of the South, but near the coast it 
is not successful. The fruit is produced on a low grow- 
ing shrub, and being a great improvement on the small 
sour fruit of the original species, it is considered almost 
indispensable in cool climates. The currant is propa- 




Fig. 90. 

gated very readily from cuttings, from six inches 
to a foot in length, taken from the last year's growth and 
planted in good soil, about two-thirds of their length in 
the ground (see chapter on cuttings). The cuttings can 
be set every two inches in rows fifteen inches apart. 
They will be sufficiently rooted the succeeding fall to be 
planted where they are to remain. It is some protection 
against the summer's sun to plant them on the north or 



124 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

east side of a fence. As the fruit of the currant is borne* 
on wood two or more years old, a succession of young- 
shoots should be provided for by annually thinning out- 
the old bearing spurs where they are too thick. By 
training them as a bush, letting the limbs start within 
a few inches of the ground, and keeping the heads prop- 
erly thinned out, the best specimens of fruit are obtained,, 
but in warm climates they will perhaps succeed better 
if allowed to sucker moderately. If to be trained as a 
bush, all the buds that will be under the ground should; 
be cut off before planting the cuttings. After currant, 
trees are six or eight years old, their places are usually 
supplied with young trees. The currant responds read- 
ily to good cultivation, pruning and manuring, delights 
in rich, moist soil, and is well worthy of attention' 
wherever it will succeed. Currant worms can be de- 
stroyed by a few light applications of powdered white- 
hellebore while the trees are wet. 

Ashes applied in the same manner are often beneficial 

LIST OF VARIETIES. 

BLACK NAPLES. 
Large, black; bunches small, with a musky flavor; an 
excellent black kind. 

CHERRY. 
Very large, round, dark red, acid ; clusters short ;: 
growth tall and luxuriant. 

LA VERSAILLAISE. 
Large, deep red, acid ; bunches long; a valuable kind., 
resembling the cherry. 

RED DUTCH. 
Large, deep red, with a rich acid flavor ; prolific. 



THE CURRANT. 125 

RED GRAPE. 

Large,^ red, sweet and good ; bunches very long ; a 
tslow, spreading grower. 

WHITE DUTCH. 

Medium, yellowish white, somewhat acid; bunches 
xath erelong. 

WHITE GRAPE. 

JS Large, of excellent quality ; growth spreading and 
moderately vigorous. 



CHAPTER XXVII. 



THE FIG. 



From time immemorial the fig has been a favorite fruit 
of warm climates. In this country it is raised in the 
open air without protection in most sections south of 
Virginia, but north of that State it requires protection 
during the winter, which is effected by bending the 
trees down and covering them securely with dirt, or by 
placing evergreens around them while standing. The 
usual height of the fig tree is from ten to fifteen feet, but 
in its native country it often grows to the height of 
twenty-five feet. 

The flowers do not open to view, but on examining the 
interior of the fruit, it is found to be composed of a large 
number of minute flowers. The ripened fruit is very 
wholesome and much esteemed. The fig is propagated 
from seed, layers, suckers or cuttings, the latter method 
being used principally at the South. A favorable situ- 
ation is near a building with a southern aspect. The 
trees bear two crops annually, the first on the wood of 
the previous year's growth, the second on the new wood^ 
both of which mature at the South. 

A moderately rich soil of a calcareous nature is the- 
best. 

When the growth of the tree is very luxuriant at the 
expense of the crop, root prune at any time during: 



THE FIG. 12T 

the winter by digging a trench around the tree at a dis- 
tance from the body of about half the length of the- 
branches. Every home in the South should be provided 
with fig trees of the hardiest and most reliable kinds, as; 
their yearly crops of delicious fruit will handsomely re- 
pay the cultivator for the attention bestowed upon them. 

LIST OF VARIETIES. 

ANGELIQUE. 
Small, obovate; skin greenish yellow ; flesh white, not 
very sweet ; tree hardy and prolific. 
BLACK GENOA. 
Fruit long, obovate ; skin nearly black; pulp bright red, 
excellent flavor. 

BRUNSWICK. 
Large, reddish brown, rich flavor; tree a very strong 
grower. 

BLACK ISCHIA. 

Medium, roundish, flattened at the apex; skin dark 
violet, almost black when ripe ; pulp deep red, sweet, and 
of fine flavor. 

BROWN TURKEY. 
Large, oblong ; skin dark brown ; pulp red and finely 
flavored ; tree a regular and abundant bearer. One of 
the best. 

WHITE ISCHIA. 
Small, roundish ; skin yellowish green ; pulp pur- 
plish, of good flavor ; prolific. 

WHITE MARSEILLES. 
Small, roundish; skin nearly white; pulp white, 
sweet and of rich flavor. 

NERII. 
Small roundish ; skin greenish yellow ; pulp red, rich 
flavor. 



CHAPTER XXVIII. 



THE GOOSEBERRY. 

The gooseberry, like the currant, delights in a rich, 
nioist^soil, and succeeds best in a cool climate. In this 




Fig. 91 — Houphton Seedling Gooseberry. 

country it is very popular at the North, where large 
quantities are used for various purposes — pies, jellies, 



THE GOOSEBERRY. 129 

etc. It is propagated from cuttings the same as the cur- 
rant, also from layers which are made soon after fruiting. 
In soil naturally very dry, a mulch of some material that 
will aid in retaining moisture is exceedingly beneficial. 
The gooseberry is more impatient of heat than the cur- 
rant, but can be grown with tolerable success in some 
portions of the Southern States. 

LIST OF VARIETIES. 

HOUGHTON'S SEEDLING. 

Small oval ; skin thin, reddish brown, marked with 
greenish lines ; flesh tender, sweet, of pleasant flavor 
very prolific. A very reliable kind. 
DOWNING. 
Medium to large, oval, pale green, of good quality ; 
bush a strong, upright grower; productive. 
MOUNTAIN SEEDLING. 
Similar to Hughtom's Seedling, but larger, has thicker 
skin, and rather inferior in quality. 



CHAPTER XXIX. 



THE GRAPE. 

From the earliest period the grape has been cultivated? 
and esteemed. It is now one of the most popular and 
profitable of American fruits, and ranks in importance 
with the apple, the peach and the pear. The foreign grape 
is unsuited to our climate, but from our native species 
have sprung a large number of varieties that rival even 
the finest grapes of Europe. It has been said by a wri- 
ter on horticulture that raising grapes is as easy as 
sliding down hill. This statement is about correct, 
the long, intricate and useless instructions of amateurs 
to the contrary notwithstanding. It is so easy to have 
an abundant supply of delicious grapes annually that it 
seems almost criminal for any family to be without 
them. Even the person on the crowded city lot, with 
only a few rods of spare ground, need not despair ; he, 
too, has room for grapes. Where space is limited, they 
can be trained on fences, buildings, and in many places 
where they will not be in the way of anything else. 
The grape is propagated by grafting, and from seeds, 
layers or cuttings. In this country grafting is not prac- 
ticed to a great extent, and seeds are planted only to ob- 
tain new varieties. See chapters on layers and cuttings,, 
the principal means of propagating the grape, in an- 
other part of this work. 

Grapes will thrive in this country on almost any kind; 



THE GRAPE. 



131 



of soil of a dryish nature that will produce ordinary 
farm products. Only moderate fertility is necessary, but 
annual manuring will in most cases be beneficial, the- 




quality and the quantity of the manure being deter- 
mined by the soil and the condition of the vine. Ashes, 
lime, ground bone and barn-yard manure are all good. 
As in planting all kinds of fruit trees the ground for the 
grape should be well prepared by thorough plowing, and 
holes dug large enough to receive the roots when spread, 



132 



THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 



out as represented in fig. 92. Strong, well-rooted vines 
of one or two years' growth are selected. Fig. 93 repre- 
sents a well grown one-year vine trained to a single 
stem. A good root is indispensable, while a few well 





Fig. 8'Z — Transplanting. 



F ; g. 9J — One-year vine 
trained to single shoot. 



developed buds make up all the top that is necessary to 
the young vine. 

Very long, slender roots are shortened and the tops 
cut back to a few buds, fig. 92. The vine is planted a 
little deeper than it grew in the nursery, and the holes 
filled with surface soil thoroughly mixed with a mod- 



THE GRAPE. 



133 



erate quantity of some kind of manure. Half a peck of 
stable manure and cotton seed compost to each hole will 
give good results. 

When many vines are to be planted, it can be done 
very expeditiously by laying off furrows with a large 
shovel-plow, followed by a subsoil, and applying some 





Fig. Si — The young vine as it 
appears in summer. 



Fig. 9ft— Young vine trained 10 
two shoots. 



such fertilizer as Merryman's Dissolved Bones at the 
rate of two or three hundred pounds per acre, to be 
bedded on the same as for cotton. The vines are then 
planted in the bed from six to ten feet apart, according 
to variety, deep enough to keep the roots out of the way 
of the plow. A top dressing of ashes, or a light coating 
of stable manure before bedding, is excellent. When 
the buds on the young vine begin to grow in the spring,. 



134 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

all but the most thrifty one are rubbed off. The one that 
is left is trained to a stake, and after it grows several 
feet the top is pinched off to strengthen the cane. 

Fig. 94 represents the vine during the summer of the 
first year. In the following fall it is cut back to a few 
buds, two of which are to be left to make canes if the 
vine has made a strong growth. At the end of the 
second season it presents the appearance of fig. 95. 
These two canes should be from twelve to fifteen inches 
from the ground. By thus retarding the growth of the 
vine and preventing it from bearing during the first two 
years, the root becomes so strong and well established 
that in after years it produces full crops of the finest 
fruit without injury. Many young vines are ruined by 
overbearing. 

At this period training may begin; and while many 
of our best varieties of grapes grow and bear crops with- 
out any attention in the way of pruning and training, 
more than supplying a frame of some kind to run upon 
and a bungling cleaning out every few years, the great 
superiority of the fruit, when intelligent pruning and 
training are practiced, ought to induce every owner of a 
grape vine to give these operations some attention. 
Various systems have been adopted, each of which has 
its advocates and advantages. Some of these systems 
appear very complicated to the beginner, but by apply- 
ing a few principles, which are easily understood, they 
will all be readily comprehended, and can be adopted in 
whole, or with such modifications as may suit the cir- 
cumstances. In all systems the principal object should 
be to obtain the proper quantity of strong bearing wood, 
the fruit being produced on the shoots of the current 



THE GRAPE. 



135 



year's growth. If it is desired to train to stakes, let 
them be of durable wood and well set in the ground. 
Each stake will support from one to four canes, which 
should be tied up neatly. If more than four canes are 
left, it will be necessary to have another stake or a 
trellis. 




Pig. 9fc 

Fan training, which is represented in figure 96, is a 
very good method, though not so symmetrical as some 
others. The vines are fastened to the trellis, and each 
year young canes are trained up to produce bearing shoots 
for the following year. The vine must be kept in suffi- 
cient bounds to be under perfect control by cutting out 
old and useless canes in the fall, and rubbing off unne- 
cessary shoots in the summer. The canes must be tied 
to the trellis at sufficient distances apart to give the bear- 
ing shoots plenty of room, and the ends of the shoots 
should be pinched off when three or four leaves are form- 
ed above the last bunch of fruit. Let it be determined 
each fall how many canes are to be left for the next year's 
fruiting, also how many young canes are to be trained up 



136 



THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 



to supply the places of those that will be cut away the- 
following fall. 

The fall pruning will be governed accordingly. 

All unnecessary canes from which no young shoots are 
to grow the next year will be cut entirely away, while 
those from which new canes are to be grown will be cut 
back to the desired number of buds. 




Fig. 97; — The Fuller method of training. 

The Fuller system, which is represented in figure 97 r 
is doubtless one of the best. It is in substance as fol- 
lows: 

The trellis is made by planting posts two feet deep, in 
a row with the vines, between each two, and equally dis- 
tant from them. 

The figure shows three slats nailed to the posts, but if 
the trellis is not more than four feet high, as recommend- 
ed by Mr. Fuller, two will be sufficient. The slata 
are from two to three inches wide, and one inch thick. 
They are nailed to the posts, one a foot from the ground, 
the other at the top. Wires are then fastened to the 
slats by twisting them around, from eight to twelve 
inches apart. The two canes, figure 95, are cut back to 
four feet, and fastened to the bottom slat. In order that 



THE GRAPE. 



137 



the buds may all get an even start in the spring, the 
arms are sometimes bent down to the ground till the 
young shoots are a few inches long. When fastened to 
the trellis at once, the sudden bend near the base of the 




Fig. 98. 

cane so checks the sap that the buds at that point are un- 
duly developed, while the strong tendency of the sap to 
the extremity makes the buds there grow more rapidly 




Fig. 99. 

than those on the middle of the cane. See figures 98 and 
99. When the two arms are fastened to the trellis, five 
or six buds are selected on the upper side of each, at 
which wires are placed.- 

The wires are left so they can be moved to any desired 
position. When the young shoots are several inches long, 
they are tied to the wires and all other buds and shoots are 
rubbed off. To equalize the space, it is sometimes neces- 
sary to train up a bud from the bottom of the cane. The 
upright shoots are not allowed to reach much above the 
trellis, and the laterals are kept pinched back. The en- 
tire vine must be kept equally Dalanced, with the same 
number of canes to each arm, and all kept at the same 
9 



138 



THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 



height. At the end of the first year of training the ver- 
tical canes are cut back to two buds each, which make 
canes for the next year's bearing — twice as many as there 
were the first year, or two to each spur. At the end of 
the second year, the upper cane of each spur is cut away 
entirely, and the other is cut back to two buds, which 
make canes for the next year's bearing. It is thus kept 
up year after year, and may be varied and enlarged upon 
in many ways. The underlying principle is the horizon- 
tal arm, from which young fruiting shoots are grown 
«ach year. Bow training to a single stake is represented 





Fig. 100.— Bow system of 
training. 



Fig. 101.— Multiplied bow 
training. 



in fig. 100. One of the canes (fig. 95) is left to form the 
bow for next year's bearing, and the other is cut back to 
two buds, which make upright canes. At the close of 
the season, the bow has borne a crop, and is cut away, 



THE GRAPE. 139 

•while one of the upright canes is left to make a bow for 
the next year, and the other cut back to two buds, which 
produce two more upright canes, thus repeating the pro- 
•cess. In very strong vines two or more bows may be left. 
Fig. 101 represents multiplied bow training, which is, 
perhaps, more ornamental than useful. 




Fig. 102.— Horizontal method of training. 

The horizontal method is shown in fig. 102. The trel- 
lis is made three or four feet high. The cane is trained 
to the middle wire, which should be fastened to the posts, 
so as to be a little lower than the others. This causes 
the laterals to grow at a slight angle upward, which aids 
the flow of sap and promotes growth. 

GRAFTING THE GRAPE VINE. 

This is comparatively little practiced in the United 
States, but it is resorted to largely in Europe, as a means 
■of protection against the phylloxera, a destructive insect 
which infects European vineyards. American kinds are 
used as stocks, and the results of their use during the last 
few years have proven very beneficial. This method of 
propagating the vine has been practiced to a limited ex- 
tent for a great many years, and various methods have 
been employed, but it is still regarded as somewhat diffi. 
■oult and uncertain on account of the profusion of sap 
And the thinness of the bark. As the grape is so readily 



140 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

propagated from layers and cuttings, there is really little- 
necessity for resorting to grafting in this country, except 
in a few instances. On many farms, in almost all vine- 
yards, there will be found large, healthy vines, whose 
fruit never matures, or is of very inferior quality. If 
such vines can, in a short time, be made to produce 
abundant crops of choice grapes, it is certainly impor- 
tant that the process of grafting be applied rather than 
destroy thern and depend on new vines to fill their places. 
Again, it is often desired to obtain vines of some new va- 
riety as rapidly as possible, and as the wood is scarce, 
every bud should be utilized. This is done by means of 
grafting, and the growth of a bud in a single season is 
often from fifteen to twenty feet. Another purpose for 
which the grafting of the vine is very effective is the- 
early testing of new varieties. We sometimes obtain 
fruit of the new kind the first year by grafting on a vig- 
orous bearing vine. At the South the fall or early win- 
ter is probably the best season for performing the opera- 
tion. In colder climates it is usually done in the spring. 
The method generally applied is cleft grafting, and it is 
successful on stocks of almost any size. (See chapter on 
grafting). The dirt is cleared away from the root of the 
stock to the depth of about four inches, and it is then 
sawed or cut off horizontalh'- below the surface of the 
ground. 

A cleft is made witb a sharp instrument one or two 
inches deep, cutting rather than splitting. The scion 
is prepared in the same manner as for apples, and in- 
serted very carefully so that the inner bark of the stock 
and scion will fit nicely together. If the stock does not 
press the scion tightly, it will be necessary to tie. Se& 



THE GRAPE. 



141 



fig. 103. The ground is then filled in firmly around the 
stock, up to the bud at the top of the scion. The whole 




Fig. 103. 

should be covered with a mulch of some light material, 
such as hay or straw, as a protection against freezing, 




Fig. 104. 

which sometimes raises the scions from the stocks. Re- 
move the mulch in spring as soon as freezing is over. 
The stocks should be vigorous and healthy. Scions are 



142 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

taken from the well matured wood of last summer's; 
growth, about the size of a lead pencil, containing only- 
one bud, unless the wood is very short-jointed, in which 
case two buds are allowed. Very small stocks can be 
whip-grafted like apple trees. Large stocks are some- 
times grafted in the manner shown in fig. 104. 

A thin wedge is taken out with a very sharp knife and 
the scion cut so as to make a perfect fit. It is then se- 
curely bound and covered as directed for ordinary cleft 
grafting. The cleft is sometimes made in very large and 
twisted stocks with an open saw. The slit is made about 
two inches deep, and the scion is cut to fit exactly, leav- 
ing shoulders resting on each side of the stock, as shown 




Fig. 105. 

in fig. 105. Persons desiring to try their skill in grape- 
grafting, and not caring to risk the entire vine, can do 
so by grafting the end of a layered cane (fig. 106), cover- 
ing the point of union the same as in grafting the entire 
stock. Saddle grafting is represented in the figure. In 
the latter part of summer, the layered cane can be sepa- 
rated from the parent and transplanted in the fall- 
Grafting the grape above ground is not so successful. If 



THE GRAPE. 



143 



the grafting is to be done late in the spring, the scions 
should be cut in the fall. Grafting clay, in preference to 
ordinary grafting wax, is sometimes applied to the vine 




Pig. 106. 

before banking up with dirt. Success in the operation 
depends upon the vigor of stock and scion, the smooth- 
ness of the cuts and the perfect union of the inner bark 
of the two parts. 

GRAPE WINE. 

" Wine-making," in detail, would compose a large vol- 
ume, but the following brief suggestions will be found 
useful when it is desired to make a few gallons without 
expensive preparations : The grapes must be dry, sound, 
clean and ripe, and all vessels used must be thoroughly 
cleansed. Crush the grapes and let them stand from 24 
to 48 hours. Draw off the juice from a hole near the bot- 
tom of the vessel, then press the skins and put all the 
juice together in a barrel or keg, filling it within about 
an inch of the top. Add from one to two pounds of granu- 
lated sugar, dissolved in water, to every gallon of unfer- 



144 THE NURSERY AND THK ORCHARD. 

merited juice. Do not fill so full that the lees will escape, 
but during violent fermentation keep the juice within 
an inch or two of the bung by the addition of similar 
juice. Close the bung by laying a grape leaf over it and 
placing on top of this a small bag of sand from three to 
four inches square. This permits the escape of the gas 
that rises during fermentation. In the winter following, 
draw off without shaking to other clean vessels. After 
the second fermentation in spring draw off to the vessels 
in which it is to remain. 

NATIVE GRAPES. 

LIST OF VARIETIES. 

In the following list of varieties, Labr. indicates that 
the variety belongs to Vitis Labruska or Fox Grape ; 
AesL, Vitis Aestivalis or Summer Grape ; Ripa., Vitis 
Eiparia (the grape of the river banks) ; Rotund., Vitis 
Rotundifolia or Vulpina (muscadine) ; Hybrd., Hybrid 
Varieties : 

ADIRONDAC. 

(Labr.) Bunches large, compact, sometimes should- 
ered ; roundish berry, large, black, covered with a deli- 
cate bloom ; tender, juicy and vinous; a slow grower, not 
very valuable. 

AGAWAM. 

(Rogers' Hybrid, No. 15.) Bunch medium, compact, 
often shouldered ; berries very large ; skin thick; dark 
red; vine vigorous and productive; long-jointed; ripens 
soon after Concord. 

ALLEN'S HYBRID. 

(Hybrd.) Bunches large and long ; berries large ; 
skin thin; nearly white; flesh tender, juicy and deli- 
cious; good quality; ripens about with Concord. 
ALVEY. 

(Hybrd.) Bunches medium, shouldered ; berries small, 



THE GRAPE. 145 

folack ; a slow grower; wood short-jointed; moderately 
productive. 

ARIADNE. 

(Ripa.) Bunch medium, compact ; berry small, black 
with a blue bloom ; flesh tender, juicy and sweet , vine 
moderately vigorous and very prolific, with short-jointed 
wood ; a good wine grape. 

BACCHUS. 
(Ripa.) An improved seedling of Clinton, which it re- 
sembles in bunches and berry. 

BARRY. 
(Rogers' No. 43)* Bunch large, compact; berry large, 
roundish, black ; skin thin ; flesh tender, of a pleasant 
flavor ; vine vigorous ; as early as Concord. 

BERCKMAN'S. 
A cross between Clinton and Delaware ; bunches and 
berries larger than!j : Delaware, which it resembles in 
•color; good quality; vine vigorous and prolific. 
3LACK EAGLE. 
(Hybrd.) Bunches large; berries large, black, with 
blue bloom ; good quality ; vine a vigorous grower. 

BRIGHTON. 

(Labr. X ) An excellent variety, resembling the Ca- 
tawba in color., bunch and berrv; vine vigorous grower; 
prolific ; ripens soon after Hartford Prolific. 
CATAWBA. 

(Labr.) Bunches large, compact, shouldered; berries 
large, round, deep red, with lilac bloom ; skin thick ; 
flesh juicy, with some pulp, vinous: vine a vigorous 
grower. Last of August. Discarded in many sections 
on account of its liability to rot. 

CHAMPION. 

(Labr.) Bunches large, compact, shouldered; berry me- 
dium round, bluish black ; skin thick ; inferior to Hart- 
ford in quality; vine a strong grower and prolific; very 
early, "and valued chiefly on that account. 



146 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

CLINTON. 
(Ripa.) Bunches medium, compact ; berries below me- 
dium, black, with a thick bloom; flesh juicy, with some 
acidity and brisk vinous flavor; vine a very strong 
grower and profuse bearer ; makes a good wine. 
CONCORD. 
(Labr.) Bunches large, compact ; berries large, al- 
most black, with blue bloom; flesh juicy and sweet; 
vine a very vigorous grower and good bearer. July. A 
most popular and profitable grape of second rate qual- 
ity ; a good wine grape. 

CREVELING. 
(Labr. X.) Bunches long and loose ; berries medium to 
large, oval, black with blue bloom; flesh tender, sweet, of 
good quality ; vine a fine grower, uncertain bearer ; not 
very popular; ripens early. 

CYNTHIANA. 
(Aest.) Very much like Norton's Virginia, but ripens 
a little earlier. 

DELAWARE. 
One of the finest grapes. Bunches medium, compact, 
shouldered; berries medium, round; skin thin, light red, 
with a whitish bloom; flesh juicy, sweet, of delicious 
flavor; vine moderately vigorous and productive; ripens 
about a week after Hartford Prolific. 
DEVEREUX. 
(Aest.) Bunches long, slightly shouldered; berries 
small, black, sweet and vinous ; vine a strong grower, 
moderately prolific ; good for wine. 

DIANA. 
(Labr.) Bunches large, compact ; berries large, round- 
ish ; pale red, with lilac bloom ; flesh sweet, vinous 
and rich ; very productive and a standard variety. 
DUCHESS. 
(Hybrd.) A fine white grape; bunches large, compact,, 
shouldered; berries medium, oval; skin thick; flesh. 



THE GRAPE. 147 

tender, juicy and of excellent quality ; ripsns soon after 
Concord. 

EARLY DAWN. 

(Hybrd.) Bunches medium, shouldered ; berry medium, 
black ; skin thin ; flesh sweet, rich and of good quality ; 
vine vigorous and productive ; earlier than Hartford 
Prolific. 

EARLY VICTOR. 

(Labr.) Bunch medium, compact, sometimes should- 
ered ; berry medium, black with blue bloom; some pulp, 
juicy, vinous, good; vine vigorous, healthy and prolific; 
ripens with or before Hartford Prolific. 

ELVIRA. 

(A seedling of Taylor.) Bunches small to medium, 
compact, shouldered; berry larger than Taylor, round, 
white ; skin thin ; pulp tender, juicy and of excellent 
flavor; vine very vigorous and productive; from one to 
two weeks later than Concord. 

EUMELAN. 

(Aest.) Bunches medium, moderately compact ; berry 
mdium to large, round, black, with fine bloom, adher- 
ing firmly to the bunch ; flesh tender, rich and vinous ; 
vine a strong grower ; wood short, pointed ; ripens early 
and evenly. 

EXCELSIOR. 

(Hybrd.) Bunch large, shouldered, compact ; berry 
pale red, sweet and aromatic ; vine moderately vig- 
orous, short-jointed ; ripens about with Catawba. 
FLOWERS. 

(Rotund.) Bunches medium size; skin dark black; 
flesh vinous and sweet. October. 

GOETHE. 
(Rogers' hybrid, No. 1.) A good late kind; bunches 
large ; berries large, pink when ripe ; vine healthy and 
productive. 



148 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

GOLDEN GEM. 

(Hybrd ) Bunch small, sometimes shouldered ; berry 
small, golden; flesh tender, juicy and of the best qual- 
ity ; vine moderately vigorous, with short pointed wood; 
ripens with Hartford Prolific. 

HARTFORD PROLIFIC. 

(Labr ) Bunches large, shouldered, compact ; berries 
medium, round, black; skin rather thick ; flesh pulpy, 
sweet and musky; vine grows rapidly and bears abun- 
dantly. July. 

HERBERT. 

(Rogers', No. 41.) Bunch large, long shouldered ; berry 
large, round, black ; flesh sweet and tender; vine very 
vigorous, an excellent early grape. 

HERMANN. 
(Aest.) Bunch long; berry small, black; a good wine 
grape; vine vigorous. 

HERBEMONT. 
(Aest.) (Warren.) Bunches large and compact, 
shouldered ; berries small, black and blue bloom ; skin 
thin ; a delicious grape, sweet and well flavored ; highly 
esteemed for wine. August. 

HIGHLAND. 
(Hybrid.) Bunch large, compact, long, heavily should- 
ered ; berry large, round, black, with a blue bloom; little 
pulp, juicy, sweet, vinous, of good flavor; vine a strong 
grower, with short-jointed wood; ripens after Concord ; 
a cross of Concord and Jura-muscat. 

HUMBOLDT. 
(Ripa X.) Bunch and'berry medium; round, yellowish, 
sweet and of good flavor; vine vigorous; a good white 
wine grape. 

ISABELLA. 

(Labr.) Bunches large, loose, shouldered ; very hand- 
some ; berry large, oval, ff black, with beautiful bloom; 



THE GRAPE. 14^ 

flesh juicy, musky; pulp tough, acid ; vine vigorous and 
prolific. 

IVES. 
(Labr.) Bunches and berries large ; skin thick, black ; 
flesh sweet and musky ; vine vigorous and prolific ; a 
good wine grape. July. 

JANESVILLE. 
(Labr. X Ripa.) Bunch medium, compact; berry large, 
black, with thick skin and pulpy flesh; similar to Hart- 
ford in quality; vine vigorous and productive; ripens 
about with Hartford; supposed to be a cross of Hartford 
and Clinton. 

JEFFERSON. 

(Labr. X ) A handsome red grape ; a cross between 
the Concord and Iona; bunch large, compact, shouldered ; 
berry large, oval ; flesh tender, sweet and juicy; ripens 
soon after Concord. 

LADY. 

(Labr.) A seedling of Concord, and a little earlier; 
bunch and berry lar?e ; skin yellowish green ; handsome ; 
fair quality ; vine vigorous. 

LADY WASHINGTON. 
(Hybrid.) Bunch veiy large, shouldered, moderately 
compact; berries medium, round, pale amber; flesh ten- 
der, sweet, juicy and of good quality ; vine a good grower, 
short-jointed; ripens with Concord; produced by cross- 
ing Concord with Allen's Hybrid. 

LENOIR. 
(Aest.) Bunch large, moderately compact; berries 
small, dark purple, juicy and vinous. 
LINDLEY. 
(Rogers' Hybrid, No. 9.) Bunch medium, long should- 
ered, loose; berries large, round, red; flesh tender, with 
little pulp, rich and aromatic ; vine very vigorous, long- 
jointed ; early. 



150 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

MARION. 

(Ripa.) Bunch medium, compact; berry medium; 
round, black, juicy and sweet ; vine rather straggling, 
vigorous grower ; ripens late. 

MARTHA. 
(Labr.) A white Concord, rather inferior in quality. 

MASSASOIT. 
(Rogers' Hybrid, No. 3). Bunch medium, short, shoul- 
dered ; berry large, dark red ; flesh tender and sweet ; 
vine moderately vigorous and productive. Ripens with 
Hartford Prolific. 

MAXATAWNEY. 

(Labr.) Bunches medium; berries large, oblong ; skin 
greenish white; flesh sweet and delicious; one of the 
best of the white kind ; not a very strong grower. 
MERRIMACK. 

(Rogers' Hybrid, No. 19.) Bunch medium, short, com- 
pact ; berry large, black, very good ; vine healthy and a 
strong grower. Ripens in August. 
MRS. McCLURE. 

(Hybrd.) A cross between Clinton and Peter Wylie ; 
bunch medium, shouldered; berry medium, white, fair 
quality ; vine a strong grower ; foliage resembles the 
Clinton. 

MOORE'S EARLY. 
(Labr.) An excellent early grape ; a seedling of the 
Concord, which it very much resembles, ripening about 
two weeks earlier. 

NIAGARA. 
(Cross of Concord and Cassady.) A new grape, promis- 
ing well ; a cross of Concord and Cassady ; bunch medium 
to large, uniform, compact, sometimes shouldered ; berry 
large, roundish, with a thin, tough, greenish yellow 
skin, and a whitish bloom ; flesh tender and in quality 
about the same as Concord ; ripens with or soon after 
Concord. 



THE GRAPE. 151 

NOAH. 

(Rip. X.) A prolific, strong-growing, white grape; 
'bunch medium, compact, shouldered; berry large ; skin 
thin, transparent; ripens a week after Concord. 
NORTON'S VIRGINIA. 

(Aest.) Bunches long, compact; berries small, dark 
purple; skin thin; flesh vinous, sweet and juicy; an 
excellent wine grape. August. 

PERKINS. 

(Labr.) Bunch medium to large, shouldered ; berries 
medium, lilac when fully ripe, with white bloom and 
thick skin ; flesh pulpy, sweet and juicy ; vine a strong 
grower, prolific. Ripens several days after Hartford Pro- 
lific. 

PETER WYLIE. 

(Hybrd.) Bunches large, shouldered, loose ; berries 
medium, round, transparent, golden yellow at maturity ; 
flesh melting, vinous, of excellent quality; vine vigor- 
ous, short-jointed. July. 

POCKLINGTON. 
(Labr.) A seedling of Concord ; bunch and berry' 
large ; golden, fair quality ; vigorous ; ripens with Con- 
cord; a good shipper. 

PRENTISS. 
(Labr.) A white grape of good quality ; slow grower, 
productive ; wood short-jointed. 
REBECCA. 
(Labr.) A good white grape ; bunch and berry medi- 
um ; slow grower, not productive. 

SALEM. 
(Hybrid — Rogers', No. 53 ) Bunch large, compact and 
shouldered ; berry large, dark and chestnut with little 
pulp; flesh tender, sweet, aromatic, of good quality ; large 
foliage ; vine vigorous and healthy ; can be propagated 
readily from cuttings ; nearly as early as Concord. 
SCUPPERNONG. 

(Rotund.) Bunches small, rarely containing more than 



152 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

eight or ten berries each ; berrie8 large, round and of a 
bronze color; skin thick ; flesh juicy, sweet and vinous, 
free from rot, a rapid grower, very prolific ; an excellent 
w r ine grape ; ver}' popular and profitable. August and 
September. 

SECRETARY. 
(Hybrid.) Bunches large, compact, shouldered; berry 
large, oval, black with handsome bloom ; flesh sweet, vi- 
nous; vine vigorous. 

SENASQUA. 
(Hybrd.) Bunch medium to large, compact; berry 
large, black, with blue bloom, of excellent quality ; flesh 
of a brisk and vinous flavor; vine moderately vigorous 
and productive ; ripens soon after Concord. 
TRIUMPH. 
(Hybrd ) Bunch and berry very large, pale green to 
golden yellow; thin skin, no pulp; flesh sweet, vinous, 
of excellent quality ; a showy variety; vine healthy and 
productive; ripens later than Concord. 
TENDER PULP. 
(Rotund) A seedling of Flowers, ripening earlier. 

THOMAS. 
(Rotund.) Bunch very small ; b°rries large, of a violet 
color, transparent ; tender, sweet and vinous. August to 
September. 

VERGENNESE. 
(Labr). Bunch large ; berry large, round, amber with 
blue bloom, ot rich flavor. Early, vine very hardy, 
vigorous; good wine gmpe. 

WALTER. 

(A cross of Delaware and Diana). Bunches and ber- 
ries medium to large, in shape and color resembling Dela- 
ware; flesh lender, rich and sweet, almost equal to Dela- 
ware ; moderately vigorous and productive. Wood short 
jointed. Ripens about with Delaware. 
WORD EN. 

(Labr). A seedling ol Concord, a little earlier ; bunch 
and berry large, black ; vine very hardy, and strong 
grower. Resembles Concord. 



CHAPTER XXX. 



THE MULBERRY. 



The mulberry is a deciduous fruit tree, cultivated to a 
considerable extent in some sections of the Southern 
States. The trees are propagated by grafting and from 
seeds or cuttings. Stocks are sometimes obtained by 




planting seeds of the white mulberry, but the best stocks 
<;an be had by planting cuttings of the variety known as 
Morus Multicaulis. The Hicks and Downing ever-bear- 
ing are the most popular kinds. They bear immense 
10 



154 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

quantities of fruit during three or four months of the 
year, which is excellent for hogs and poultry. Every 
farmer would find an orchard of this fruit a profitable 
investment. 



ssssa 



LIST OF VARIETIES. 
BLACK ENGLISH. 

The best black, hardy and prolific, growth rather slow. 

DOWNINGS. 

Flesh rich, subacid ; tree a rapid grower, not so prolific 
as Hicks. 

HICKS. 

Flesh sweet and insipid ; tree a fine grower and bears 
large crops for three or four months in the year. 

RUSSIAN. 

Large jet black, fine flavor, commences to fruit when 
two years old. A very pretty rapid growing tree. 

STUBBS. 

A new variety ; fruit large and of good quality. 

WHITE MULBERRY. 

The best variety for silk worms. 



CHAPTER XXXI. 



THE NECTARINE. 

The nectarine is nothing more than an accidental seed- 
ling of the peach, with a smooth skin, which is shown 
by the fact that the same tree sometimes produces both 
peaches and nectarines. The growth of the tree is the 
same as that of the peach from which it is not easily dis- 
tinguished. The fruit is not so large as the peach, free 
from down, and in flavor resembles the peach leaf. The 
nectarine is usually propagated by grafting or budding 
on peach stocks, and the cultivation, pruning, etc., 
are the same as required by that fruit. Failures to pro- 
duce crops are more common with nectarines than with 
peaches, owing principally to the destructive attacks of 
the curculio or plum weevil. By following the directions 
given for destroying the curculio, regular crops may be 
obtained. It is well to plant the trees where hogs will 
have access to them, as they destroy large numbersof the 
worms by eating the fallen fruit. Protection against 
borers is the same as for peach trees. Persons desiring 
an assortment of fruits should by all means leave room 
for a few nectarine and apricot trees. 

LIST OF VARIETIES. 
BOSTON. 
Large and handsome, roundish oval ; yellow with crim- 
son cheek, mottled slightly with red ; flesh yellow, sweet, 
not very rich, pleasant flavor; separates from the stone; 
flowers small; tree hardy and productive. Medium sea- 
son. 



156 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

COOSA. 

Large, red ; flesh white, quality very good, a new seed- 
ling. 

DOWNTON. 
Large, roundish oval, light green with crimson cheek ; 
flesh pale green, slightly red at the stone, melting and 
rich ; separates from the stone ; flowers small ; season 
medium. 

EARLY NEWINGTON. 

Large, roundish ovate, pale green, almost covered with 
red, marbled and mottled with very dark red; flesh 
greenish white, red at the stone, sugary, juicy ad rich ;n 
flowers large ; season early. 

EARLY VIOLET. 

Large, roundish, yellowish green in the shade, almost 
covered with dark red, moltted with pale brown dots, 
when exposed ; flesh whitish, red at the stone, melting 
juicy, rich ; tree hardy and productive. French Origin; 
flowers small. Season early. 

ELRUGE. 

Medium, roundish oval ; pale green with red cheek 
and small brown specks; flesh pale green, melting, 
juicy, of excellent flavor ; separates from the stone ; sea- 
son medium. 

^GOLDEN CLING. 

Medium, clingstone, yellow with scarlet cheek ; flesh 
orange yellow, firm, sweet and juicy ; flowers small. 
Ripens medium season. 

HARD WICK. 

Large, oval, freestone, light green with crimson cheek ; 
flesh greenish white, red near the stone, juicy and rich ; 
resembles the Elruge somewhat. One of the best and 
hardiest Nectarines ; excellent bearer. Season medium. 

HUNTS TAWNY. 

About medium, slightly enlarged on one side, pointed 
at apex ; skin orange and deep red, with brown in spots ; 



THE NECTARINE. 157 

flesh yellow and juicy; separates from the stone ; hardy, 
and abundant bearer ; flowers small. 
NEW WHITE. 
Large, nearly round, freestone, skin white, slightly 
tinged with crimson ; flesh white, juicy and vinous ; 
stone small, separates freely ; flowers large. Early. 
PITM ASTON ORANGE. 
Large, roundish, deep yellow, with brownish cheeks ; 
flesh yellow, red at the stone, rich, juicy and excellent 
flavor ; stone small, separtes freely ; tree vigorous ; flow- 
ers large. 

RED ROMAN. 

Large, roundish, or little flattened at the top ; skin yel- 
low or greenish, and dark reddish brown, with spots of 
russet ; flesh yellow, red near the stone, rich and juicy; 
one of the best of clingstone nectarines ; tree healthy and 
productive ; season medium ; flowers large. 
VICTORIA. 

Large, roundish, flattened at the top ; greenish yellow, 
red on the side next the sun ; flesh rich and sweet ; flow- 
ers small; season medium. 



CHAPTER XXXII. 



THE ORANGE. 

The orange is now grown very extensively in Florida, 
and to some extent in other States. The trees, which 
grow to a height of twenty or thirty feet, are the most at- 
tractive of all fruit trees, while the fruit is highly es- 
teemed and sells at such prices as render orange culture 
under favorable circumstances very profitable. The trees 
are propagated from seeds and by budding. By plant- 
ing the seeds of good varieties,excellent trees are obtained, 
which begin to bear when seven or eight years old ; trees 
budded on stocks three or four years old begin to bear in 
two or three years after budding. The orange requires 
■clean, shallow cultivation and'liberal manuring. Pea- 
vines turned under, cotton seed, stable manure and muck 
are all good fertilizers. The trees are very prolific; in 
some instances yielding ten thousand oranges each. 
They have few diseases, and with proper attention live 
to be very old. The fruit begins to ripen in October, 
and in mild winters will remain in good condition on 
the trees the year round. 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 



THE PEACH. 

This popular fruit is a native of Persia and was intro- 
duced into this country about two hundred years ago. It 
succeeds admirably here anywhere south of 40o north 
latitude, and is now raised in greater quantities and with 
less labor than in any other country. The soil and cli- 
mate of the Southern states are peculiarly adapted to its 
culture, and it has become one of the most profitable of 
Southern fruits. Requiring a soil of only moderate fer- 
tility, having so few enemies at the South, and giving 
so rich and speedy returns, it is no wonder that the 
peach has become a favorite among fruits, and is cultiva- 
ted so extensively in some sections of the Southern States. 
The trees are shorter-lived than most fruit trees of our 
climate, but with proper treatment they live and bear 
crops from ten to thirty years. In rare instances they 
have been kown to live from fifty to one hundred years. 
The different varieties of the peach are distinguished by 
the presence or absence of glands (slight protuberances) 
on the leaves, by the size and color of the blooms, and by 
the quality of the flesh, whether cling or free-stone. 

The propagation of the peach is very easy and rapid. 
Seedlings sometimes bear fruit the second year, and bud- 
ded or grafted trees often yield moderate crops when 
only two years from the bud. In planting orchards of 
the peach, trees one year from the bud or graft are usual- 



160 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

ly selected. The soil should be a dry, moderately rich, 
sandy loam, rather than heavy clay, well prepared by 
deep plowing. Orchards on elevated sites are considered 
least liable to injury from frost. Some kinds of peaches 
produce the same, or with slight variations, from the 
seed. Seedling trees are very hardy, and their fruit is 
often of good quality ; but this method cannot be relied 
upon to propagate our improved varieties, as it is the 
natural tendency, when their seeds are planted to de- 
teriorate — go back to the lower type from which they 
sprang. Trees combining hardiness with superior qual- 
ity of fruit may be obtained by planting well matured 
seeds from vigorous seedling trees in hills the proper dis- 
tance apart for the trees, on ground where they can re- 
main, and budding on them the kind it is desired to pro- 
pagate. Several seeds should be planted in each hill, 
and when a few inches high all but the most vigorous 
one of the seedlings can be removed ; with the proper at- 
tention in the way of pruning, cultivation and protec- 
tion from insects, trees raised in this way will live many 
years. 

One great difficulty in peach culture is the result of 
bad pruning. When the limbs are left to take their own 
course, they soon become long and slim with very few 
branches near their base, as represented in figure 108. 
The tendency of the sap is strongly to the extremity of 
the limbs at the expense of the buds on the lower part, 
which are usually lost if not excited into growth the first 
season after their formation. As the fruit is borne on 
the wood of the preceding year's growth,a system of prun- 
ing must be practiced that will keep the tree constantly 
supplied with young bearing wood in all its parts. The 



THE PEACH. 



161 



method adopted is known as the shortening-in system 
which consists in cutting off each year about one-half of 




the previous year's growth. When the ends of the limbs 
are pruned off. the rush of sap to the extremities is 




Fig. 109. — The badly pruned peach tree, 
broken down by overbearing. 



Fig. 110.— The well pre- 
served peach tree. 



checked and shoots come out on the lower parts, thus 
supplying the trees with abundance of bearing wood ; 
the limbs grow shorter and stronger, not so liable to be 



162 "; ] [the 'nursery and the orchard. 



nana 



broken by overbearing ; the fruit is better, and the trees 
longer-lived. But we must not go from one extreme to 
another. While no pruning leaves the tree unsightly 
and short-lived, the results of shortening-in are about as 
bad if the proper attention is not given the trees after- 
wards. The dense undergrowth which follows the prun- 
ing must be kept thinned out, so as to admit air and sun- 
light, and leave the tree with an open, well-balanced 
head. Good judgment and some experience, on the part 
of the peach grower, will enable him to keep his trees in 
symmetrical shape and well supplied with bearing wood, 
at the same time guarding against injuries caused by the 
breaking of limbs from overbearing. The hardiest and 
longest-lived trees of an orchard are often found in fence 
corners where they are protected against the hot summer 
sun and injuries from the plow. 

An application of woods earth, or chip manure mixed 
with ashes or lime, is an excellent fertilizer for peach or- 
chards. 

VARIETIES OF FREESTONES. 

ALBERT SIDNEY. 
Medium, oblomr, creamy white, with crimson cheek; 
flesh rich, melting; Chinese type. July. 

AMELIA. 
Large, conical, white skin, with a shade of crimson; 
flesh white, very juicy and sweet ; flowers small. July. 
ALEXANDER. 
Medium, dark red skin ; flesh greenish white, very 
juicy and sweet ; adheres slightly to the stone ; tree vig- 
orous and productive ; the most popular of the very early 
kinds. May and June. 



THE PEACH. 163 

AMSDEN. 

An excellent, very early peach, considered identical 
with Alexander. 

BALDWIN'S LATE. 

j JLarge, oblong ; swollen point ; greenish white, with 
red cheek ; flesh firm, juicy ; flowers small. October. 

BEATRICE. 

P [Small, dark red, mottled with a deeper hue of red ; 
flesh juicy, vinous; matures soon after Alexander; re- 
quires rich soil and thinning. June. 

BRIGGS' MAY. 
^Large, highly colored cheek, on white ground ; flesh 
greenish white, vinous, of excellent quality ; adheres 
somewhat to the stone. Early. 

* CANARY. 

Medium, oblong, bright yellow ; flesh yellow, juicy, 
melting ; flowers small ; season early. 
COLUMBIA. 
Very large, excellent; skin downy, yellow, with red 
cheek ; flesh yellow, rich and juicy ; very popular variety 
in the South ; easily reproduced from seed. July. 

CORA. 

Above medium, white, with delicate pink cheek ; flesh 
white, juicy ; improved' seedling of Lady Parham. Sep- 
tember. 

CRAWFORD'S EARLY. 
Jl \ Very large, oblong, yellow, with crimson blush; flesh 
yellow, melting, rich and excellent; tree vigorous, fruit- 
ful and hardy ; flowers small ; one of the most popular 
market varieties. July. 

CRAWFORD'S LATE. 
Jf Very large, roundish, shallow but distinct suture ; yel- 
low, with red cheek ; flesh very deep yellow, red near 
the stone, rich, juicy, vinous ; flowers small ; season me- 
dium. 



164 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

DRUID HILL. 

Large, roundish, the cavity of stalk narrow, suture 
very slight; skin greenish white, with clouds of carmine; 
flesh greenish white, purple near the stone, rich, vinous; 
tree very vigorous, bears abundantly ; flowers small. 
August. 

EARLY LOUISE. 

Medium, bright red; thin skin; flesh juicy, excellent; 
not a good market kind. June. 

EARLY TILLOTSON. 

Medium, round, yellowish white,|nearly covered'with 
red; flesh whitish, red at stone, juicy, melting; flowers 
small. June. 

EARLY RIVERS. 
Large, straw color, with pink blush ; flesh white, sub- 
acid, very vinous and very juicy ; flowers large ; very 
prolific. June. 

ELBERTA. 
Very large, handsome, yellow and red ; flesh yellow, 
flavor excellent, supposed to be a seedling of Chinese 
cling ; fine variety for shipping. July. 

FAMILY FAVORITE. 
Large, inclining to oblong, suture shallow; apex me- 
dium; skin cream-color, with crimson blush; flesh streaked 
next the stone, firm, juicy ; tree vigorous with large 
leaves ; flowers small ; earlier than its parent, Chinese 
Cling. 

FLAT PEACH OF CHINA— (PEEN-TO.) 
Small, flattened, forming a deep hollow at both ends ; 
yellowish green skin, with red on one side ; flesh yellow 
circle of red round the stone, sweet, juicy ; tree of dwarf- 
ish habits ; flowers large. Ripens in Florida from April 
15 to May 10. 

FLEITAS ST. JOHN. 
Large, roundish, orange yellow, s with crimson blush; 
flesh yellow, juicy, sweet ; originated in New Orleans. 
Ripens with Early Tillotson. 



THE PEACH. 165 

FOSTER. 

Large, slightly flattened ; suture slight ; flesh yellow, 
of good flavor, earlier than Early Crawford, which it 
resembles ; valuable for market. 

FRUITLAND. 
Large, greenish white, mottled with red ; flesh green- 
ish white, very juicy, vinous, red at the stone. Origin- 
ated at Augusta, Ga. First of September. 
GAYLORD. 
Large, round, sharp point, rosy skin, with crimson 
blush; flesh white, rich and juicy. Origin Mississippi ; 
flowers small. August. 

GREAT EASTERN. 
Very large, greenish white skin, with a shade of red; 
flesh white and juicy, rather coarse ; flowers small. 
Originated at Augusta, Ga. July. 

GROSSE MIGNONNE. 
Large, roundish, sligntly depressed, with hollow 
suture at the top, greenish yellow, mettled with red and 
deep red cheek ; flesh yellowish white, red near the stone, 
melting, juicy, rich and vinous flavor ; flowers large ; 
season medium. 

HALE'S EARLY. 

Medium, nearly round, greenish, mottled with red; 
flesh white, juicy, rich; tree hardy and productive ; flow- 
ers large. June. 

HONEY. 

Small, oval, whitish yellow, marbled with red ; flesh 
white, juicy, delicious ; flowers large. June to July. 
Lagrange. 
Large, oblong, greenish white ; flesh white and finely 
flavored. Late in the season. 

LADY PALMERSTON. 
Large, greenish yellow, marbled with red ; flesh light 
yellow, melting ; flowers small August to September 

LATE RED RARERIPE. 

Large, oval; suture depressed at the top, where the 



ff 



166 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

swollen point is distinctly sunken; skin pale yellow, 
covered with red spots, cheek deep red; flesh white, red 
at the stone ; flowers small ; season medium. 

~ LATE ADMIRABLE. ;■* ~ 
Very large, roundish ; bold suture, dividing the fruit 
all around, and small, swollen point at the top; yellow- 
ish green, red cheek, marbled with darker red; flesh 
greenish white, red at the stone, very juicy ; flowers 
small ; season medium. 

LORD PALMERSTON. 
Large, skin white, with pink cheek ; flesh firm, juicy 
and rich ; flowers large. August. 

MOUNTAIN ROSE. 
Large, white, washed with a carmine; flesh tinged 
pink, juicy, vinous, subacid ; flowers small; tree a strong 
grower, prolific. June to July. 

MUSCOGEE. 
Large, round, yellow, almost covered with red; flesh 
white with red streaks near the stone, melting, juicy ; 
flowers small ; resembles Columbia. August. 
OSCEOLA. 
Medium, round ; suture medium ; yellow, with orange 
cheek, veined with red ; flesh yellow, streaked with red, 
sweet ; flowers large. September. Origin Georgia. 
OLD MIXON FREE STONE. 
Large, roundish, one side swollen, and the suture visi- 
ble only at the top ; cavity slightly sunk at the stalk ; 
skin yellowish white, mottled with red, red cheek; 
flesh white, red at the stone, tender, rich and excellent, 
flowers small. August. 

PICQUET'S LATE. 
Very large, yellow, with crimson cheek ; flesh yellow, 
rich and sweet. Originated by Antoine Picquet, Esq., 
Belair, Ga. August to September. 

PRINCESS OP WALES. 
Large, round, cream-colored, with a shade of blush ; 






THE PEACH. " f 16T 



flesh melting, deep red at the stone, quite'juicy'and rich; 
flowers large. September. 

I REEVE'S FAVORITE..*^BB 
Large, roundish, point swollen ; skin yellow withered 
cheek ; flesh deep yellow , red at the stone, juicy, melt- 
ing, vinous ; flowers small. July. fcaSM 

ROYAL GEORGE. £^? 

Above medium; skin white, sprinkled with redjdots; 
cheek deep red ; flesh white, red at the stone, juicy, very 
rich ; flowers small. July. W T<—r~ 

SNOW. 

Large, globular; suture faintly marked, except at the 
top ; skin pure white; flesh white, sweet, sprightly ; flow- 
ers small. August. 

STUMP THE WORLD.; 1 Z^MNZ2&HMK 
Very large, white, with bright cheek ;"flesh white and 
juicy ; flowers small. July. 

SUSQUEHANNA. 

Very large, yellow and crimsonfjskin ; flesh yellow, 
rich and jucy J^Last of^July. 

THURBER. 

Very large, pure white, crimson mottlings ; flesh quite 
luscious, of fine texture. A seedling of Chinese Cling, 
which it resembles in size and color. Originated by Dr. 
L. E. Berckmans, Rome, Ga. July. 
WHEATLAJSD. 

Large, roundish, a distinct suture, not large ; cavity 
medium ; skin deep golden yellow, shaded with crimson ; 
flesh yellow, sweet, juicy, pale red around the stone; tree 
very vigorous, healthy, resembles Crawford's Late ; flow- 
ers large. August. 

YELLOW ST. JOHN. 
Large, resembles Early Crawford, but of a deeper color; 
flesh yellow, juicy, very sweet. Ripens early. 



168 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

CLINGSTONE. 

ANNIE WYLIE. 

Large, globular ; suture shallow, extending beyond the 
apex, which is a small joint ; cavity narrow, deep; skin 
creamy white, with crimson cheek ; flesh white, juicy, 
vinous ; tree vigorous and a good bearer ; flowers small ; 
originated in Chester, S. C. September. 

BUSTIAN'S OCTOBER. 
Large, white, late variety, of good quality. 
BORDEAUX CLING. 

Large, oblong, inclined to be one-sided; suture shallow ; 
skin pale yellow, with carmine cheek ; flesh yellow, red 
at stone, juicy ; flowers large. August. 
CHINESE CLING. 

Large, globular, sides compressed; suture shallow ; skin 
creamy white, with crimson cheek; flesh white, red at 
stone, juicy and deliciously flavored ; a very desirable 
variety for market ; flowers* small. July. General Lee 
and Stone wallJackson are excellent sub-varieties of Chi- 
nese Cling. 

CROFT'S GOLDEN. 

Large, deep yellow with red cheek ; flesh yellow, sub- 
acid, vinous. July to August. 

DARBY. 
Large, round, creamy white skin, excellent variety, ma- 
tures middle of October. Origin, South Carolina. 
DEMMING'S SEPTEMBER. 
Large, oblong, yellow, with carmine cheek ; flesh yel- 
low, red near the stone, very juicy and vinous; similar 
to Lemon Cling, but later. 

DUFF YELLOW. 
Very large, round, with sharp point, yellow and nearly 
covered with a dark hue of red; flesh yellow and juicy, 
red at the stone ; flowers small. July. 



THE PEACH. 169 

EATON'S GOLDEN. 
Medium, round ; suture shallow ; skin golden yellow, 
with a few pink spots near the base ; flesh golden yellow, 
sweet, juicy, with flavor of the apricot ; flowers large. 
September. 

FLEWELLEN. 

Large, dark red, of the Indian type ; flesh red, very 
juicy and sweet, vinous ; ripens in July. 
GOODE'S OCTOBER. 

Large, round or oblong, white, with veins of carmine, 
downy ; flesh white, with red near the stone, very juicy 
and subacid. Originated in South Carolina. First of 
October. 

GENERAL TAYLOR. 

Medium, white or almost covered with red tinge ; flesh 
white, juicy and sweet. July. Originated in Mississippi. 

HEATH LATE WHITE. 

(Henrietta.) Large, oval, apex-pointed; skin white'; 
flesh white to the stone, juicy, sweet, good quality, ex- 
cellent for preserving. September. 
HEATH RED. 

Large, oblong, the skin white, with red wash ; flesh 
juicy, red near the stone, of good flavor, rich and melting ; 
flowers small. August. 

INDIAN BLOOD CLINGSTONE. 

Large, roundish, oval, distinct suture ; skin downy, of 
a deep, almost purple red ; flesh same color, firm, juicy ; 
flowers small. August. 

LARGE WHITE CLINGSTONE. 
Large, round, suture slight, and the swollen point at 
the top small ; skin creamy white with light red cheek ; 
flesh whitish, tender, melting, juicy and very sweet; 
flowers small. July. 

LEMON CLING. 
Large, oblong, point swollen, like that of a lemon ; skin 
yellow, with brownish cheek ; flesh firm, yellow, red at 
the stone, rich, vinous, juicy ; flowers small. July. 
11 



170 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

NEWINGTON CLING. 
Large, oblong, white with red cheek; flesh firm, juicy. 
August. 

NIX LATE WHITE. 
Large, oblong; suture medium, extending to the apex, 
which is a little sunk ; white, downy, reddish in the sun; 
flesh white; flowers large. October. 

OLD MIXON CLINGSTONE. 
Large, roundish, swollen on one side; suture visible 
only at the top ; creamy white, dotted with red, cheek a 
deep red ; flesh white, juicy, of excellent flavor ; flowers 
small. August. 

SCOTT'S OCTOBER. 
Medium to large, light yellow ; flesh firm, with flavor 
of lemon. Originated in Columbia, S. C. 

SHELBY. 
Large, white, with crimson blush, juicy, finely flavored. 
July and August. 

TINLEY'S OCTOBER. 
Medium, oblong, white, slightly tinged with red; flesh 
white, juicy, vinous; flowers large. Origin Macon, Ga. 
TUSKENA. 
Above medium, oblong, yellow and deep red ; flesh 
subacid, vinous. Origin Mississippi. June. 

WASHINGTON CLINGSTONE. 
^•Medium, roundish, yellowish green, with gray specks; 
flesh juicy, luscious ; flowers small. August. 



CHAPTER XXXIV. 



THE PEAR. 



The wild pear of Europe and Asia is one of the most 
austere of all fruits, entirely unfit for the palate, but 
through the ameliorating influences of cross-breeding 
and reproduction from seeds, it has become a favorite 
fruit of modern times. The trees, under favorable cir- 
cumstances, are very long-lived and exceedingly prolific. 
Instances are on record of trees reaching the age of four 
hundred years, and from one hundred to one hundred and 
fifty bushels of fruit have have been gathered from a sin- 
gle tree. The pear is propagated by budding and graft- 
ing on its own roots for standards, and on the roots of the 
quince for dwarfs. For orchard culture, standards are 
much preferred, but for garden and amateur culture, 
dwarfs are very interesting. Some varieties are grown 
readily from cuttings. As was stated in the chapter on 
seeds and seedlings, it is more difficult in this country to 
raise seedlings of the pear than of any other fruit tree. 
The soil should be deep, rich and moist (not wet.) 

It is useless to plant pear seeds on poor, dry soils. The 
seeds may be planted either in the spring or fall, and 
require the best of cultivation to induce a vigorous 
growth during the early part of the season, without 
which failure often results 

Good stocks may be obtained from the seeds of the 
hardy common sorts, often found growing on farms, in a 



172 



THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 



very thrifty condition. If planted in a seed-bed in rows 
about eighteen inches apart, to be transplanted to nur- 
sery rows, which is the usual practice, the tap roots are 
shortened at the time of removal. If the seedlings are 




Fig. 111.— Kieffer Pear. 

raised in nursery rows three or three and a half feet 
apart, the tap root can be shortened by running a sharp 
spade under them in the fall, and they can be budded or 
grafted where they grow. When seedlings are bought, 
they can be budded during the summer after setting out, 
if they are growing vigorously ; if not, they are grafted 
the following spring. 

Suckers are sometimes used as stocks, but seedlings 



THE PEAR. 173 

are much preferred. The pear adapts itself to a great 
variety of soils; it requires good cultivation, and on 
most soils liberal manuring will be necessary. Ashes 
and lime are very beneficial. 

Standard pears require about the same pruning as 
apple trees. The fruit of most varieties of the pear is 
very much improved by ripening off the tree. It should 
be gathered carefully to prevent bruising, when matured, 
but not colored. The proper time is when some of the 
full grown but unsound fruit begins to color and drop 
from the tree. If carefully packed in boxes with some- 
thing between the layers, and kept in a cool, dry place, 
the fruit will be fully ripened in from five to fifteen days. 
The greatest difficulty in the way of pear culture is the 
disease known as blight. It seems to attack mercilessly 
trees of almost all ages, varieties and localities; and, 
although many theories have been advanced and reme- 
dies suggested, its ravages continue almost unabated. 
Its presence is indicated by a sudden withering and turn- 
ing black of the leaves in certain portions of the tree, 
while the other parts remain apparently in full vigor. 
Unless the disease is checked, the tree is soon de- 
stroyed. Trees that are attacked by blight often recover 
after having the diseased portion pruned off. Always cut 
a considerable distance below the affected part. 

Damp soils, which induce a late growth and imper- 
fectly matured wood, are unfavorable for the pear. 

THE LeCONTE PEAR. 

The introduction of this pear has, during the last few 
years, created quite a stir at the South in pear culture. 
It was introduced into Liberty county, Ga., in 1856, from 



174 



THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 



a Northern nursery, and the original tree is still alive, 
and bears large crops annually. The LeConte is a hy- 




Fig. 112. 

brid, the result of a cross between the Chinese Sand Pear 
and some cultivated variety. The tree is of rapid growth, 
very prolific, bears young, and is comparatively free from 
blight. The fruit is large, of good quality, an excellent 
shipper, and sells at high prices. It is gathered when 
the color first begins to change, and, if intended for ship- 
ment, each specimen is wrapped in paper, and packed in 
crates containing about one bushel each. The propaga- 
tion is principally from cuttings. In furrows the width 
of a spade, about fifteen inches deep, well enriched, cut- 
tings of the last year's growth, ten or twelve inches long, 



THE PEAR. 



175 



are planted, with one or two inches- of the top uncovered, 
and the dirt pressed firmly about them. They must be 
kept clear of weeds and watered in dry weather. The 
time for planting cuttings varies in different localities 




Fig. 113.— Young Kieffer Pear Tree. 

from September to February. Perhaps the best time in 
all places is soon after the years growth has stopped. 
Sometimes three-fourths of the cuttings will live at other 



176 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

times all fail. When planted in the orchard large holes 
should be dug, and well enriched with good manure and 
top soil thoroughly mixed together. The young trees 
should be cut back to within two feet of the ground, and 
have one-half of their growth cut back annually for a few 
years, always leaving the last bud on the outer side of the 
limb, so that the growth will be from the tree and make 
a more open head and a larger bearing surface. The trees 
require good cultivation and manuring. They are hardy 
anywhere in the United States, but are most valuable at 
the South. The Kieffer, another hybrid of late introduc- 
tionis becoming very popular, especially so at the North. 

List of Summer Varieties. 

bartlett. 

Large, oblong, obtuse, pyriform, yellow ; flesh white, 
buttery, juicy, vinous ; open calyx, in shallow basin ; 
tree a strong, upright grower, and a very early and abun- 
dant bearer ; a most popular kind of English origin. 
July and August. 

BELLE LUCRATIVE. 

^Medium to large, yellowish green, slightly russeted ; 
flesh juicy, melting, delicious, of excellent quality ; me- 
dium basin, with open calyx; tree is upright, moder- 
ately vigorous and prolific. July and August. 

BLOODGOOD. 

Medium, turbinate, yellow, with russet dots ; flesh 
whitish, buttery, melting, aromatic ; open calyx in 
very shallow basin ; the tree is a good grower, and bears 
early and regularly. July. 

BRANDYWINE. 
Medium, pyriform, greenish, russeted with a brown 
blush ; flesh white, rich, juicy and excellent ; open calyx 



THE PEAR. 177 

in shallow basin ; tree a strong, upright grower, prolific. 
July. Origin Pennsylvania. 

BETJRRE GIFFARD. 
Medium, pyrifonn, yellow, with red cheek ; flesh 
white, melting, juicy and finely flavored; small basin, 
with closed calyx ; tree a straggling grower. June. 
BUFFUM. 

Medium, obovate, deep yellow, with a]broad red cheek, 
and slightly russeted ; flesh white, buttery, sweet and 
of very good quality; tree a strong, compact grower, pro- 
ductive. August. Origin Rhode Island. 
CHAMBERS. 

Medium, obovate, yellow, red next the sun and dotted 
with green ; flesh white, of fair quality ; tree a spreading 
grower of moderate vigor. July. 

CLAPP'S FAVORITE. 

Large, ovate, yellow, with brown dots ; flesh white, 
buttery, melting, sweet,, of good quality; tree vigorous, 
upright spreading, prolific. July and August. Origin 
Massachusetts. 

DOYENNE d'ETE. 

Small, roundish-obovate, shaaed with and covered 
with grayish dots ; flesh white, sweet, melting and of 
agreeable flavor; tree a strong, upright grower, bears 
early and abundantly. June. 

FLEMISH BEAUTY. 

Large, pyriform, pale yellow, with a brown cheek, rus- 
seted ; flesh whitish, melting and rich ; a handsome pear 
of good quality ; tree a strong, upright grower, bears 
•early. August. 

HENKELL. 
Large, round-obovate, yehow ; flesh yellowish white, 
buttery, melting; partially closed calyx in large basin ; 
tree upright, vigorous and productive. July. 
HOWELL. 
Large, wide-obovate, yellow, with handsome cheek and 
small dots ; flesh white, melting, buttery, aromatic, of 
fine quality ; small basin ; tree a strong, open grower, 
prolific. August. 



178 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 
LeCONTE. 

Supposed to be a hybrid between the Chinese Sand 
Pear and a cultivated variety. Large, oblong, pyriform, 
pale yellow ; quality variable, usually second rate ; much 
improved by ripening in the house ; the tree is a very 
strong grower with dense foliage, bears early, compara- 
tively free from blight ; very valuable at the Soutn ; 
propagated readily from cuttings. August. 

LOUISE BONNE OF JERSEY. 
Large, pyriform, slightly one-sided, yellowish green,, 
with red cheek ; flesh yellowish white, juicy, melting 
buttery, of good quality ; basin shallow ; tree a good 
grower and hea\y bearer ; best on quince. August. 

OSBAND'S SUMMER. 
Small to medium, obovate, yellow, with a brown 
cheek, often slightly russeted ; flesh white, granular, 
v-ith a sweet, agreeable flavor ; tree a good grower and 
p iductive. July. 

OTT. 
Small, roundisa-obovate, greenish yellow, partly rus- 
seted, sometimes mottled with red ; flesh resembles that 
of its parent, the Seckel ; large calyx, in shallow basin ; 
tree a strong, erect grower. July. 

PETITE MARGUERITE. 
Small, short, obovate, yellow ; flesh juicy, melting and 
of good quality. June. 

SECKEL. 
Small, obovate, yellowish brown, with a red cheek ; 
flesh very fine grained, sweet, juicy, melting, buttery, of 
the highest flavor — a standard of excellence ; tree very 
hardy, but a slow grower. August. 

STEVENS GENESEE. 
Large, round-obovate, often flattened, yellow ; flesh half 
buttery, granular, rich and well flavored ; tree a vigor- 
ous grower. 

ST. MICHAEL ARCHANGEL. 
Large, pyriform, yellow, partly russeted ; flesh rather 



THE PEAR. 179 

coarse, rich, aromatic ; calyx closed, in small basin ; tree 
pyramidal, a tardy bearer. August. 

TYSON. 

Medium, conic pyriform, yellow, with a reddish brown 
cheek, sometimes russeted ; flesh juicy, melting, buttery, 
with an aromatic flavor — one of the finest summer pears ; 
tree vigorous. July and August. 

WHITE DOYENNE. 

Medium to large, obovate, pale yellow ; flesh white, 
melting, buttery, of excellent quality ; small calyx in 
shallow basin ; tree a strong grower and productive. 
August. 

URBANISTE. 
Large, short, pear-shaped, pale yellow, slightly rus- 
seted; flesh melting, buttery, somewhat acid, well fla- 
vored; tree a moderate grower, rather tardy bearer. Au- 
gust. 

List of Autumn or Winter Varieties. 

BEURRE EASTER. 
Large, obovate, yellowish green, slightly russeted, often 
with a red cheek ; flesh fine grained, rich, melting, but- 
tery, of good quality ; small, closed calyx, in shallow 
basin ; an excellent keeper ; tree a good grower. No- 
vember. 

BEURRE LANGELIER. 

Medium, pyriform, yellow, with some russet ; flesh 
buttery, melting, with a sweet, slightly vinous flavor ; 
tree a good grower, but rather tardy bearer. October and 
November. 

BEURRE SUPERPIN. 

Large, obovate, greenish yellow, somewhat russeted, 
with a brownish cheek ; flesh juicy, subacid, melting, 
with an agreeable, vinous flavor ; tree vigorous and a 
regular bearer. August. 

DUCHESSE D'ANGOULEME. 

Very large, obtuse, pyriform, greenish yellow, often 
russeted; flesh yellowish white, melting, juicy and well 



180 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

flovored; tree vigorous and a very reliable bearer ; best 
on quince. September. 

BEURRE BOSC. 
Large, very distinct pyriform, deep yellow, partially 
russeted; flesh juicy, buttery, sweet, excellent; basin 
shallow ; tree a moderate grower, a regular bearer. Early 
autumn. 

BEURRE CLAIRGEAU. 

Large, pyramidal pyriform, with brown dots, and 

crimson toward the sun ; flesh white, somewhat granular, 

buttery, melting, quality variable ; tree of stout, erect 

growth, and a regular bearer. September and October. 

BEURRE D'ANJOU. 
Large, greenish yellow, with a red cheek, russeted ; 
flesh yellowish white, fine grained, buttery, melting, 
highly flavored ; sometimes a little astringent ; fine tree 
and regular bearer. September. 

BEURRE DIEL. 
Very large, thick pyriform, dull yellow, dotted, with 
some russet ; flesh rather coarse, rich, buttery ; tree a 
vigorous grower. September. 

DUCHESSE d'BORDEAUX. 
Medium, roundish, yellow, with russet dots; flesh 
white, moderately juicy, sweet, of pleasant flavor; open 
calyx in medium basin; tree moderately vigorous. Oc- 
tober to November. 

GLOUT MORCEAU. 
Large, short pyriform, greenish yellow; flesh white, 
fine grained, melting, buttery, sweet, of excellent flavor ; 
tree a spreading grower, rather tardy bearer, best on 
quince. October. 

HEBE. 
Very large, round, obovate, lemon color, russeted; flesh 
melting, buttery, sprightly, coarse, with a vinous flavor, 
a good keeper ; tree thrifty and productive. Origin 
South Carolina. 



THE PEAR. 181 

KIEFFER. 

Said to be a hybrid, between the Bartlett and China 
Sand Pear; fruit large, handsome; skin deep yellow, 
with a bright vermillion cheek and some russet ; flesh 
white, brittle, juicy, of fair quality ; tree very much like 
LeConte, bears early. September and October. Origin- 
ated near Philadelphia. 

LAWRENCE. 

Medium, pyriform, lemon color with numerous small 
dots ; flesh white, buttery, with a rich, aromatic flavor ; 
tree a spreading, moderately vigorous grower, bears 
early and abundantly. September and October. 
ONONDAGA. 

(Swan's Orange.) Large, nearly in the form of a double 
cone, yellow, numerous dots, sometimes with a brown 
cheek ; closed calyx, in narrow basin ; flesh somewhat 
coarse, buttery, melting, of fair quality ; tree vigorous 
and productive. September and October. 
PASSE COLMAR. 

Medium to large, distinct pyriform, yellow, often rus- 
seted ; flesh fine-grained, buttery, sweet, of very good 
flavor ; tree a slender grower, inclined to overbear. Oc- 
tober and November. 

POUND. 

(Winter Bell, Angora.) Very large, pyriform, crown 
wide, yellow, with a brown cheek ; flesh compact, good 
for cooking; tree a strong, upright grower, and a good 
bearer. October and December. 

VICAR OF WINKFIELD. 

Very large, long, pyriform, conical toward the crown^ 
yellow, with red cheek ; flesh whitish, juicy, buttery, of- 
ten astringent ; good for cooking ; best on quince ; very 
productive. October. 

WINTER NELIS. 

Medium, roundish, pyriform, yellowish green, rus- 
seted ; flesh yellowish white, fine grained, buttery, of ex- 
cellent flavor ; tree a slender and straggling grower. 
October to December. Origin Belgium. 



CHAPTER XXXV. 



THE PECAN NUT. 

Of the nut bearing trees, the walnut, chestnut and fil- 
bert are ail worth) 7 - o\ cultivation, but they are far less 
valuable than the pecan (carya olivae-formis) which is 
of the same genus as the hickory, and succeeds wherever 
that tree grows. The natural range of the pecan is in 




the valleys of the Western rivers from Illinois to Texas, 
and it is cultivated with remarkable success in most 
states of the Union, especiall}' so at the South. The 
tallest tree of which we have any account is growing 
near Philadelphia, Pa., and the largest nut which has 
yet been brought before the public was obtained from 
Illinois. There are fine specimens of the trees grow- 
ing in the Southern States, which often bear fifteen 
bushels of excellent nuts per tree ; and as they sell 
readily at from three to five dollars per bushel, the net 



THE PECAN NUT. 183 

income from a single pecan tree is often more than 
from several acres of ordinary farm products. 

It is trul}' surprising that this nut has not ere now 
received the attention it so richly deserves. The trees 
are exceedingly prolific, hardy, and long-lived. After 
they begin to bear, each year adds greatly to the yield 
and they continue to increase in vigor and productive- 
ness until more than fifty years old. Daring the last few 
years, considerable attention has been given to the cul- 
ture of pecans, and as the people begin to understand 
their merits, the trees will be planted until at no dis- 
tant time, pecan groves will be as popular and prof- 
itable at the South, and in many of the Northern States, 
as orange groves now are in Florida. Many persons who 
read this will doubtless live to regret that they did not 
take my advice to plant a pecan grove at once. The fol- 
lowing quotation from an article written by E. T Hollis- 
ter, and published in the Rural World, shows how high 
an estimate is placed upon the pecan by one who is in 
every way capacitated to judge of its worth : 

" The pecan is one of the most remunerative crops a 
farmer can produce. Young man, plant a pecan grove, 
and it will support you in your old age and enable you 
to pass the evening of your life in luxury, free from the 
toil and care necessary to the ordinary callings. Old gen- 
tleman, whose tide of life is upon the ebb, and whose 
tottering footsteps are slowly carrying you towards the 
other side of the great river, plant a pecan grove, because 
it does not require the amount of care and cultivation 
necessary to other crops, and if you do not live to reap 
the benefits from it yourself, those who come after you, 
and for whom it is } r our duty to provide, while enjoying 



184 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

the fruit of your labor and forethought, -will always have 
a green spot in their memory for the good old man who 
was so thoughtful as to provide bountifully for them in 
his old age, and they will plant a fresh flower on your 
grave with every recurring spring." 

Plant a grove of at least one hundred trees next fall ; do 
not wait till next year. There can be no doubt that in a 
few years they will prove to be the most profitable invest- 
ment you ever made. Read what Mr. A. C. Daniel, of 
Crawford, Ga., has to say of the pecan : 

" I have a row of trees at the back of my garden of dif- 
ferent sizes. The largest one is five feet in circumfer- 
ence, and I gathered from it day before yesterday eleven 
bushels and one peck of nuts, which I sold in Athens, to 
Mr. Jester, for forty-five dollars ($45.00). I have trees 
six or seven years old that are bearing. I believe they 
can be made to bear at four or five years of age. A pecan 
nut raised in this climate is far superior to others. I can 
sell all the nuts I raise to my neighbors; can retail them 
at twenty cents per pound — $8.00 per bushel. I am 
going to set me out an orchard and push them from the 
jump." 

Pecan trees are propagated by planting the nuts and 
by budding or grafting. There is a great difference in 
the quality and market value of the nuts from different 
sections and from different trees. 

Some are small, thick shelled, of poor quality, and 
should be carefully avoided. The best varieties are large, 
very thin shelled, of fine flavor, and come into bearing in 
a much shorter time than the ordinary kinds. Nursery 
trees two or three years old are of very suitable size for 
planting in groves, and if properly pruned they can be 



THE PECAN NUT. 185 

transplanted about as successfully as any fruit tree of the 
same age. They will grow in almost any soil with little 
attention, but much better results will be obtained when 
planted in rich soil, and well cultivated and manured. 
Rich bottom land, if not too wet, is excellent for them ; 
but the largest tree that I have ever seen is growing in 
an elevated place, and has received very little attention 
It is now 8 feet in circumference, two feet from the 
ground, has very long branches, and bears immense 
crops of fine nuts. 

Plant the trees thirty feet apart in large, well manured 
holes. Cultivate well. 

Examine the trees often and burn all twiggs cut by 
the girdler. This insect is the same that attacks the 
hickory. It is not very injurious to large trees. 
12 



CHAPTER XXXVI. 



THE PLUM. 



While not so valuable as the peach or the pear, the 
plum is largely cultivated in this country, and some of 
the best varieties are highly esteemed. It is propagated 
by budding and grafting on its own roots, or those of the 
peach, which are chiefly employed, and on most soils con- 
sidered superior to the plum stocks. On very compact, 
clayey soils, it will succeed better on its own roots. If 
plum stocks are to be used, they are obtained from the 
seeds of free growing kinds, managed in the same man- 
ner as peach seeds, requiring more care to prevent them 
from becoming dry. The native or Chickasaw plum is 
sometimes used as a stock. When this is used, the tree 
should be planted deep to induce rooting above the graft. 
The Wild Goose, an exceedingly popular improved vari- 
ety of the Chickasaw, is a very profitable market fruit. 
It is not injured by the curculio so much as other varie- 
ties, bears early and abundantly, ships in a perfect con- 
dition to almost any distance, and often sells in North- 
ern markets for as much as twelve dollars per bushel. 

As with some other fruits, the best flavor of the Wild 
Goose is obtained when gathered as it begins to color and 
ripen in the house. The trees are short-lived, but 
as every farmer can raise as many as he needs by graft- 
ing on peach seedlings, it matters little if a few die every 



THE PLUM. 



187 



year. Market orchards of this plum would doubtless be 
profitable in most sections of the South. 

Plum trees are heavy croppers, and to remain vigor- 
ous and healthy require liberal manuring and good cul- 
tivation. The pruning of the tree is similar to that of 
the peach. 




Fig. 115.— Wild Goose Plum. 

The greatest drawback to the successfuFcultivation of 
the plum is the curculio or plum weevil, which is no- 
ticed in the chapter on insects. 



188 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD-. 

LIST OF VARIETIES. 

In this list (/) indicates a foreign variety; (c) Chick- 
asaw or native kind. Plums of the latter class are very 
vigorous, productive, and comparatively free from at- 
tacks of the curculio, but the foreign kinds are superior 
in quality. 

BASSETTE S AMERICAN, (c.) 
Small, crimson, with heavy bloom ; flesh sweet, rich, of 
good quality ; tree bears young and exceedingly prolific ; 
excellent for cooking. August. 

COE'S GOLDEN DROP. (/.) 
Large, oval; skin light yellow, with dark-red spots; 
stalk about an inch long; flesh yellow, firm, adhering 
close to stone, rich, sweet and delicious ; tree moderately 
vigorous. August. 

CUMBERLAND, (c.) 

Large, yellow, very sweet and juicy Origin Augusta. 
August and September. 

COLUMBIA. 
Large, brownish purple, dotted with fawn-colored 
specks, covered with much bloom ; stalk about an inch 
long, stout, inserted in a narrow, small cavity ; flesh 
orange, not very juicy, but very sugary when fully ripe, 
separates freely from the stone, except on the edge. Me- 
dium season. 

DAMSON (COMMON BLUE, WELL KNOWN.) (/".) 
A valuable market sort ; very prolific ; comparatively 
free from attacks of the curculio ; separates partially from 
the stone. September. 

DkCARADEUC (c.) 
Medium, round; skin yellow, with dull red cheek; flesh 
juicy and finely flavored ; this excellent variety is hy- 
brid between the Chickasaw and a European variety. 
Origin South Carolina. June. 



THE PLUM. 189 

DUANE'S PURPLE. (/.) 

Large, oblong ; handsome skin, a reddish purple ; flesh 
amber-colored, juicy and of good flavor, adheres partially 
to the stone; tree prolific and a strong grower. Season 
medium. 

EARLY YELLOW PRUNE, (f.) 
Large, oval ; yellow, with red dots in the sun ; flesh 
yellow, sweet, juicy, with a very agreeable flavor ; sepa- 
rates from the stone ; tree a good grower and bears well. 
Julv. 

GERMAN PRUNE. ( f.) 

Long, oval ; one side swollen, dark purple, with a blue 
bloom ; flesh sweet, green and of a very agreeable flavor, 
separates from the stone ; much esteemed for drying, 
abundant bearer. August. 

GREEN GAGE. ( f) 

Small, round, yellowish green ; flesh pale green, of best 
quality ; usually separates from the stone; tree a spread- 
ing, slow grower. July. 

HULING'S SUPERB. (/) 
Large, roundish, oval, with distinct, though shallow 
suture ; greenish yellow, covered with pale bloom ; flesh 
greenish, yellow, rather coarse, but with rich, sprightly 
fivaor; tree very vigorous, upright, large foliage, mod- 
erate bearer, good quality, adheres to the stone. July. 
IMPERIAL GAGE. ( f) 
Large, greenish yellow, rich, juicy, of fine quality ; 
usually nearly free from the stone; a vigorous, upright 
grower, prolific. July. 

ITALIAN PRUNE. ( f ) 
Medium, oval, dark blue ; flesh yellow, sweet, of good 
quality, separates from the stone ; tree a strong, spread- 
ing grower. August. 

LOMBARD. ( / ) 
Medium, oval ; skin red ; flesh yellow, juicy and of 
agreeable flavor adheres to the stone ; tree strong 
grower, prolific. July. 



190 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

MARIANNA. (c) 

Seedling of Wild Goose. Of Texas origin ; large, round; 
skin bright red ; good quality, prolific. 

MAGNUM BONUM (YELLOW EGG.) (/.) 
Very large, oval, yellow, with white dots ; flesh yellow, 
sweet, of fair flavor ; tree moderately vigorous and pro- 
ductive. July. 

MOROCCO. (/) 
Medium, roundish ; skin purple, covered with a pale 
thin bloom; flesh greenish yellow, juicy and finely fla- 
vored, adhering slightly to the stone; growth rather 
slow and moderate bearer; a good early plum, free from 
curculio. 

MINER, (c) 

Medium, oblong, red, with a fine bloom, adheres to the 
stone ; tree a strong grower, prolific. September. 

NEWMAN'S, (c) 
Medium, oval, light scarlet, with a thin bloom ; flesh 
pinkish, juicy, adheres to the stone; tree healthy, hardy, 
vigorous and productive. July. 

ORLEANS. (/) 
Medium, round, a little enlarged on one side of the dis- 
tinct suture ; skin dark red, purple in the sun ; flesh 
yellowish, sweet, somewhat acid, separates freely from 
the stone; tree vigorous; season medium. 
POND'S SEEDLING. ( /) 
Very large, oval, skin yellowish, nearly covered with 
red or carmine, thin whitish bloom, sprinkled with 
brownish dots; flesh yellow, a little coarse, juicy and 
sweet; tree very vigorous and productive. August. 
PRINCE'S YELLOW GAGE. (/.) 
Above medium, deep yellow; flesh yellow, rich and 
sweet, productive. August. 

RED MAGNUM BOMUN (RED EGG.) (/) 
Large, oval, red, with gray dots ; flesh greenish, coarse, 
subacid, separating from the stone ; tree a slow grower. 
August. 



THE PLUM. 191 

RICHLAND, (f) 

Medium, oval, a little pointed at apex ; skin reddish 
purple, covered with a thin bloom; stalk in a small cavi- 
ty ; flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, adheres partially 
to the stone ; tree upright, vigorous, very valuable for 
market. 

SHROPSHIRE DAMSON. (/") 

Resembles common blue Damson ; but little superior 
to it, almost free from curculio ; blooms late and is very 
prolific. 

WEAVER PLUM. 

Medium, purple, with blue bloom ; of fine quality ; 
bears regularly and profusely ; tree very hardy. August. 
WILD GOOSE, (c) 

An improved variety of the Chickasaw ; large, oblong; 
skin bright red ; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, cling ; tree very 
prolific ; a very profitable market fruit. Ripens in June. 

QUACKENBOS. ( f) 

Large, oblong, roundish ; skin deep purple, covered 
with bluish bloom ; suture hardly apparent ; stalk long 
and slender, set in a slight depressed cavity; flesh 
greenish yellow, a little coarse, but sweet and juicy, ad- 
heres slightly to the stone ; a rapid, upright grower and 
productive. Origin Albany. August. 



CHAPTER XXXVII. 



THE POMEGRANATE. 

This beautiful fruit succeeds perfectly in the warmer 
portions of the Southern States, and can be grown in 
colder latitudes if protected in winter. The pomegran- 
ate has an agreeable, sweet flavor, and is much esteemed. 
The skin of the fruit is hard, of an orange color with a 
red cheek. The peculiar crown on the blossom end is 
the result of an enlargement of the calyx. 

The tree grows from ten to twenty feet; has numerous 
small branches. 

It is propagated by layers, cuttings, suckers or seeds, 
requires very little pruning, and gives best results when 
planted in rich soil. 



CHAPTER XXXVIII. 



THE QUINCE. 

This small, hardy, irregular growing tree, as usually- 
seen, is, perhaps, the most unsightly of all fruit trees; 
but by a little attention by the way of pruning and 




Fig. 116 — Orange Quince. 

training, it becomes an object of ornament, both when in 
blossom and when laden with its ripe orange-colored 
fruit. 

It succeeds admirably in this country and is highly 



194 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

esteemed. The trees seldom grow higher than fifteen 
feet, and have a strong tendency to send up numerous 
suckers from their base. They are sometimes trained 
with several stems from the same roots, but they have a 
much neater appearance if only one is left, about two 
feet high. 

The trees are propagated by grafting, and from layers 
and cuttings. They are gross feeders, and to be healthy 
and productive, must have a generous supply of nutri- 
ment. In very cold climates, the roots are injured by 
deep freezing, and mulching is resorted to as a means of 
protection. The roots of quince trees are very near the 
surface, hence their cultivation should not be very deep. 
A small quantity of salt applied to the soil will be found 
beneficial to most fruit trees, especially so to the quince. 
The two principal obstacles in the way of quince culture 
are the blight and the borer. 

There is always a good market price for fine specimens 
of this fruit, and the person who devotes his attention 
to its culture, studies its habits and learns to minister 
property to its wants, will certainly be highly pleased 
with the results, and amply repaid for all his trouble. 

LIST OF VARIETIES. 

ANGERS. 

Large, pear-shaped, good quality ; tree a ihrifty grower 
and very prolific. 

APPLE OR ORANGE. 

Large, roundish, bright golden yellow, cooks tender, 
fine flavor; highly esteemed for preserving; the most 
popular of the old varieties. 



THE QUINCE. 195 

CHAMPION. 

Large and handsome ; fruit good quality ; tree very 
productive. 

CHINESE. 
Very large, greenish yellow ; tree grows luxuriantly ; 
blooms very early in spring ; fruit of fair quality and 
will keep till March. 

PORTUGAL. 
Large, of mild flavor, esteemed for baking ; tree a strong 
grower, but not so certain bearer as the Orange Quince. 
REA'S MAMMOTH. 

Very large, said to be a seedling of the Orange Quince, 
which it very much resembles ; iruit of good quality ; 
tree thrifty grower. 



CHAPTER XXXIX. 



THE RASPBERRY. 

The raspberry is a low growing shrub common to both 
Europe and America. The wood is biennial — that of 
one year's growth, bearing the succeeding year, and dy- 
ing soon after fruiting. It is divided into two distinct 
classes, known as the upright growing, which includes 
the red kinds, and the cap, which includes the black 
kinds. The first class is propagated from suckers, which 
spring up from the roots every year. They are increased 
very rapidly from root-cuttings, which are pieces of roots 
an inch or two long, planted in the fall or early spring, and 




Fig. 117. 

covered one or two inches deep. A mulch of some light 
material will prevent the ground from baking. Numer- 
ous plants can be obtained by cutting circles with a 
spade a few inches apart around the plant. The cut 
portions of root will make strong plants by the end of 
the season. In taking up sucker kinds be careful to re- 



THE RASPBERRY. 197 

tain a portion of the old root, as represented in fig. 117. 
The cap varieties are propagated from the tips or ends 
of the young canes which bend over and take root. To 
facilitate rooting the ends of the canes are covered with 
a few inches of soil in the latter part of summer, or as 
soon as they stop growing. They will be ready for 
taking up in the fall. The tip varieties can be increased 
very rapidly by checking the new growth when it gets 




Fig. 118. 

about two feet high, as shown in fig. 118. This causes the 
plants to throw out side branches, which are in turn 
shortened in when a foot or two long, and produce other 
branches. In this way a single bush will furnish a 
large number of tips to be layered late in the season. 

The soil for the raspberry should be deep and rich. 
For garden culture they can be planted in stools of three 
or four plants each, two or three feet apart. The grow- 
ing canes should be pinched back when three feet high — 
not allowed to obtain their full growth. By this means 
they grow strong and branching, produce better fruit, 
and do not require supports. If the tops and side 
branches are kept properly pinched back while growing r 
they form a perfect hedge and bear immense crops of ther 



198 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

finest specimens of berries. In cultivating, all young 
canes are kept cut away, except those that are to be left 
for the next year's bearing. After fruiting, the bearing 




Fig. 119.— Cuthbert. 

canes are of no further use, and are cut away to give the 
young canes a better chance to make a vigorous growth. 
If supports for raspberries are desired, they can be kept 
in hills and tied to stakes, or strips nailed to the tops of 
posts three feet high may be used. The raspberry has 
become one of the most profitable of small fruits, and 
large quantities are marketed, both fresh and evaporated. 
It succeeds best at the South when planted on the north 
side of a fence or building. By planting the earliest 
and latest kinds, the season of this berry may be ex- 
tended over a period of several weeks. They may be 
had late in the season by cutting down the stools to 
within a few inches of the ground in spring. The 
young canes that come up will mature their crop in Au- 
gust and September. 

Raspberries delight in rich soil, and respond readily to 
good cultivation, but no one should be deterred from 
planting them by the thought that they require too 



THE RASPBERRY. 



199 



much attention to be profitable. A few rows near the 
house with only a little attention in the way of pinching 
and cultivating will supply a family with this fruit for 
several weeks in the early summer. Even from a few 
plants that are put out in fence, corners, and have an 
occasional cleaning out of weeds and old wood, moderate 
quantities of fair fruit are obtained. Coming in at so 




Fig. 120.— Gregg. 

favorable a season, being a certain crop, and bearing so 
large quantities of fruit in a small space and with little 
attention, it is surprising that every family is not sup- 
plied with the raspberry. Of the red varieties, the Cuth- 
bert is one of the best, while of the black, the Gregg is 
very popular. 



200 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

LIST OF VARIETIES. 

BRANDYWINE. 

Medium, roundish, obtuse, conical, bright red; flesh 
firm, moderately juicy, sprightly, subacid. Origin said 
to be Delaware. 

CAROLINE. 

Large, roundish, oblate, orange yellow, with a slight 
bloom, grains medium size ; flesh soft, juicj', sweet and 
rich ; canes strong, vigorous, sometimes branching, pale 
red in the sun, with a thin whitish bloom and a few 
slender green spines ; a very prolific bearer ; it is thought 
to be a seedling of Brinckle's Orange and a Golden Cap. 
CUTHBERT. 

Medium, roundish, bright red or crimson, a darker 
shade when fully ripe ; grains small, compact, separates 
freely from the stalk ; flesh firm, sweet and juicy ; canes 
strong, vigorous, upright, often branching ; spines short, 
stout, purplish and numerous ; it suckers freely ; fine for 
family and market use. 

DAVISON'S THORNLESS. 

Similar to the American Blackcap, only it ripens a 
few days earlier; almost as vigorous and about as pro- 
ductive, not so large, but sweeter; canes have no spines, 
except small ones on the leaf stalk. Origin New York. 

DOOLITTLE. 

Similar to the American Black, though much better ; 
canes vigorous, branching ; spines whitish, stout and 
numerous ; very productive ; fine for market. 

GOLDEN THORNLESS. 

Oblate, sometimes conical, slight bloom, dull orange ; 
tolerably firm, sweet and juicy; moderately vigorous, 
very productive, and has very few spines. 

GREGG. 

Large, roundish oblate, black with slight bloom grains 
large, compact ; flesh moderately juicy, rich and sweet ; 



THE RASPBERRY. 201 

similar to the Mammoth Cluster in quality, but larger 
and more productive; it is one of the largest of the Black- 
cap family, hardy, strong grower ; canes strong, branch- 
ing, with a few sharp greenish spines ; it commands the 
highest price in market. 

HERSTINE. 
Very large, bright scarlet ; flesh moderately firm, 
sweet and juicy ; separates from the core freely; canes 
strong, erect, spines short, strong, scattering, greenish 
white, a little purple. 

MAMMOTH CLUSTER. 

Larger than Doolittle Black Cap, but a little later. 

PHILADELPHIA. 
Medium, roundish, dark crimson ; flesh soft, mild, sub- 
acid, separates freely; canes vigorous, tall, branching, al- 
most free from spines. 

SOUTHERN THORNLESS. 
Medium, roundish, conical, brilliant red ; grains of 
medium size, compact ; flesh soft, sweet, not rich ; canes 
vigorous, reddish on the sunny side; upright, not often 
with branches ; few short, purple spines ; foliage large 
and abundant, productive ; a nice variety for family 
use. 

13 



CHAPTER XL. 



THE STRAWBERRY. 

It is uncertain how the name "strawberry" origi- 
nated, but it is a fact patent to all that it is applied to 
the earliest, most beautiful and most delicious of small 
fruits. 

Strawberries should find a welcome at every home. 
'No spot of ground on the farm will give so rich returns 
as the strawberry bed that receives the proper attention, 
and in field culture the profits are sometimes almost fab- 
ulous. The plants are raised principally from runners, 
which are thrown out after fruiting, take root during 
the summer and autumn, and are ready to trans- 
plant in the fall or the following spring. One hundred root- 
ed runners are sometimes taken from a single plant in one 
season. While the strawberry will grow and bear crops 
on almost any kind of soil, with the most indifferent treat- 
ment, to give the best results, it requires a deep, rich soil, 
good cultivation and abundance of moisture. It is indeed 
a gross feeder, and there is little danger that the supply 
of nutriment will be too great. 

Almost" any kind of manure is received with thanks, 
and a top dressing of ashes is very highly appreciated. 

A large number of varieties have been introduced, 
many of which have special merits that adapt them to 
certain localities, but it often happens that the variety 
which succeeds best at one place is wholly unsuited to 
another. Hence, in making large plantings of the straw- 
berry it is best to use only such kinds as are known to 
succeed in the particular locality. Some varieties of this 
fruit are bisexual, or have perfect flowers, and produce 
fruit when planted alone ; others have imperfect flowers, 
and are either entirely barren, or bear fruit only when 
their flowers are fertilized with the pollen from other 



THE STRAWBERRY. 



203 



flowers. Fig. 121 represents a perfect flower, having both 
stamens and pistils ; a pistillate flower, having only the 
female organs, is shown in fig. 122. Flowers of the stam- 
inate or barren kind, having only male organs. 





Fig. 121. Pig. 122. 

Some of our most popular varieties of strawberries r are 
pistillate and require fertilizing with the pollenifrom'the 
male organs of other flowers to be fruitful. ^Thi's is 




Fig. 123.— Sharpless. 

usually done by planting one row of a kind producing 
perfect flowers to every four or five rows of the pistillate 
varieties. 
Staminate plants are of very little value, an the per- 



204 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

feet flowering or bisexual kinds will bear crops and fer- 
tilizes the pistillate varieties at the same time. Do 
not mix the two classes of plants in the same row. They 
can be kept separate, if the rows are only a few feet apart, 
by cutting off all the runners, but the fruit of the pistil- 
late kind will be a cross, and the seeds from the fruit 
when planted may produce valuable new varieties, but 
the chances are not very favorable When seeds are to 
be planted, the thoroughly ripened fruit is mashed up 
and well mixed with sand, and the whole planted in a 
partially shaded place, or in a box, and covered very 
lightly, not more than an eighth of inch deep, with fine 
soil. If well watered, the plants will be large enough in 
the fall to set out in the bed. Some of them may devel- 
op superior qualities, but we already have so many val- 
uable kinds, superior seedlings will be obtained only in 
rare instances. At the South, fall is the usual time 
of setting out strawberries. If done in August or Sep- 
tember, and the plants are well watered and protected 
from the sun, they will bear good crops the next spring 




Fig. 124. 

after planting. The ground must be deeply plowed and 
thoroughly enriched. If for field culture, the rows are 
made three or three and one-half feet apart, with a space 
of one to two feet between the plants. For garden cul- 
ture, they can be planted much closer together, leaving 
the plants far enough apart to be cultivated conven- 



THE STRAWBERRY. 



205 



iently. Rooted runners of one year's growth are used. 
They should be taken up very carefully and the roots 
kept straight, until ready for planting, and placed 





Pig. 125. 



-A Badly Dug 
Plant. 



Strawberry 



Fig. 126.— A Bad'y Planted 
wherry Plant. 



placed in the ground up to the crown of the plant, with 
the dirt thoroughly worked in among the roots. Fur- 




Fig. 127. 

rows may be made with a plow, or holes made with a 
dibble or trowel, anything, so the roots are not matted, and 
the dirt is pressed firmly about tbem. (Sue fig. 124). 



206 



THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 



In dry weather the roots should be wet before planting. 
Various systems of cultivation are in practice, each of 
which has its advocates and advantages. In the hill sys- 
tem all the runners are kept cut away before they take 
root, as represented in fig. 127- By this method, which 
is well suited to garden culture, the quantity of the fruit 
is reduced while the quality is improved. The largest 
specimens may be raised by cutting off all the young 
berries, except a few of the most promising, and keeping 
the plants well watered. The matted row system is^rep- 
resented in^. 128. The runners are allowed to take 




Fig. 128. 

root on the row, the middle being kept clean by cultiva- 
tion. Large quantities of fruit are obtained in this 
way, but considerable- labor is required to keep down 
weeds and grass, much of which has to be done by hand. 
Modifications of these systems are sometimes adopted. 
Matted hills are preferred by some. The runners are al- 
lowed to take root, but are kept in hills by cultivating 
both ways. 



THE STRAWBERRY. 207 

They are sometimes left in rows and only a portion of 
the runners allowed to take root. 

Whatever system of cultivation is adopted, abundant 
nutriment and moisture are indispensable. As a means 
of protection during winter in cold climates, and at the 
same time for the purpose of retaining moisture, mulch- 
ing is resorted to. Such material as hay, straw or pine 
leaves is used. A covering an inch or two deep put on in 
the fall prevents the freezing and thawing, by which the 
plants are often raised out of the ground and die in con- 
sequence. The mulch is sometimes laft on till fruiting 
is over. If the ground becomes hard, the mulch should 
be removed and a good stirring given before the blos- 
soms are set. It can then be replaced to remain till fruit- 
ing is over, as a protection to the crops. By some, the 
mulch is retained during the summer; others prefer 
clean cultivation after fruiting. A coating of well rotted 
manure or compost spread over the vines acts as an ex- 
cellent mulch and fertilizer. 

Cotton seed applied in the fall and forked in lightly 
in the spring enriches the ground and protects the plants 
during winter. 

The crowns of the plants must not be smothered by too 
deep covering. Strawberry beds or plantations should 
be renewed every few years. This is sometimes done by 
letting the runners take root in the middles and plowing 
up the old vines. The season of the strawberry can be 
very much prolonged by planting the latest and earliest 
kinds in northern and southern exposures, respectively. 

LIST OF VARIETIES. 
BID WELL. 
Medium to large, bright crimson; flesh red, firm, juicy, 
subacid, rich, very vigorous, with light, green leaves, 
productive, and continues long in bearing. 

CHARLES DOWNING. 
Large, .deep scarlet ; flesh sweet, luscious; plant vig- 
orous and very productive. 



208 TIIE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD. 

CRESCENT SEEDLING. 

Medium, conical, uniform in size, brilliant red, excel- 
lent quality; plants strong, vigorous, yield abundantly; 
fine for market. Pistillate. 

DUCHESS. 

Medium to large, roundish, regular in form, scarlet; 
flesh pale red, firm, juicy, sprightly, subacid ; plant vig- 
orous; foliage medium size, of a ver} 7 dark green, very 
productive. 

OLEN 7 DALE. 

Medium, long, conical, light red; flesh firm ; plant 
hardy, heakhy, vigorous, large green leaves, very pro- 
ductive. 

MONARCH OF THE WEST. 
Large, light red ; flesh moderately firm and delicious; 
plant strong, vigorous, leaves unusually large; very 
early, valuable for market. 

SHARPLESS. 
Large, roundish, conical, bright scarlet ; flesh light red, 
firm, sweet and pleasant flavor; plant vigorous, large, 
dark green leaves. 

TRIOMPHE DeGAND. 
Large, roundish, often coxcomb shape ; bright red next 
the calyx, greenish white at the point ; flesh firm, white, 
hollow at the core ; vines vigorous, hardy. 
WILSON'S ALBANY. 
Large, pointed, deep crimson ; flesh tender, acid and 
agreeable; productive and hardy ; valuable for family use 
and market. 

WINDSOR CHIEF. 
Large, conical, deep scarlet ; flesh dark red, soft, rich 
and acid; vigorous grower, with healthy foliage of a dark 
green. Pistillate. 

MINORO MINER'S PROLIFIC. 
Medium roundish, surface irregular, dark red ; flesh 
pale red, moderately firm, subacid, juicy ; plant hardy, 
vigorous, light green foliage ; prolific bearer. 
KENTUCKY. 
Large, conical, bright red ; flesh white, firm, sweet and 
juicy; plant vigorous, strong and productive; long fruit 
stalks, bearing the berries up from the ground. 



A Journal for Gardeners and Fruit Growers— A helper for Flo. ists — 
An aid for Market Gardeners — A guide for amateurs, is 

The AMERICAN GARDEN 



Established 1872, 
By Dr. F. M. BEXAMER. 

A Monthly Illustrated Magazine 

OF HORTICULTURE. 



'4, • -Kf a Connected with any mercantile house. 

pT J§ ©/NOT An organ of any merchant. 
An advertising sheet. 



ft; 



Thoroughly practical. 

5 An independant Journal. 
Devoted wholly to horticulture. 
Edited and written by horticulturists. 



The cordial co-operation of horticulturists. 
A good word for it to your friends. 



i\ <§As% 

/cCa No axes to grind. dL* • QQ a Puff unworthy varieties. 

j\ r\(!\\ Nothing to sell y\ \^u[ DOT Admit fraudulent advertistv 
*• J Nothing to puff. ( ments. 

(&\ ' PP Give every promising new variety and method a fair hearing, 
jX V^lll Expose fraud of every degree. 

Stand fearlessly for truth. 

Promote all good work in horticulture . 

Be greatly improved under the new owners. 

Deserve support. 

Its contributors are such men as P. J. Berckmans, Peter Henderson, William Fal* 
coner, M. Milton. P. T. Quinn, A. S. Fuller, E. P. Roe, W. C. Barry, E. D. Sturte* 
vant, Charles E. Parnell, Josiah Hoopes, Marshall P. Wilder, E. S. Rand, Charles 
H. Shinn, and a host of others. 

It is carefully and beautifully illustrated, and elegantly printed on fine paper. 

Subscription price, |i oo a year. Single number to cts. 

No free sample copies. Address 

E. H. LIBBY, Publisher, 

47 Dey St., New York, or Greenfield, Mass, 



Jackson County Nurseries, 



J- O-- CTTTSIU CE, Proprietor. 



OFFERS A LARGE AND VARIED 
STOCK OF 


FIT 11, GRAPE NB, 


Ornamental Trees, SMS, Hoses, k 



The proprietor has for many years made a specialty of South- 
ern seedling fruits, aud having collected and tested many of 
he most desirable kinds, now offers to So ^thern Planters a list 
of varieties which cannot fail to please. 

Believing that the soil and climate of most of the Southern 

States are well suited to grape culture, he has tested, and is still 

testing, most of the old and new varieties of grapes, and hopes 

oon to present a list of reliable varieties, more desirable than. 

hose now generally cultivated. 

Most liberal terms to agents. 




POMONA 

NURSERI 



ESTABLISHED 1838. 



^>^> 



d^f^^ 



im 




LAWSOH I 



WILSON, Jr. 

The LARGEST and MOST BEAUTI- 
FUL PEAR of GOOD QUALITY, 
Ripening in New York State in July. 
HEADQUARTERS for Kieffer's Hybrid Pears. Also, LeUonte 
and other Oriental and Hybrids. 

f MARLBORO, HAN^ELL 
1 and RANCOCAS Rasp- 
berries. J0^" WILSON, JUNIOR, BLACKBERRIES. 

POUGHKEEPSIE RED, ULSTER PROLIFIC, HAYES 
and NIAGARA GRAPES. 

Send for complete catalogue of all the new and worthy old varieties 
Strawberries, Raspberries, Blackberries, Grapes, Currants, Fruit, 
Shade and Ornamental Trees. Vines a id Plants in variety. 

WILLIAM PARRY, 
Parry P. O., New Jersey. 



PARRY STRAWBERRIES 



A. BLANC, 

314 N. 11TH ST., PHILADELPHIA. 




<^X°10,000 ELECTROS,!^ 

OF 

f Flowers, Fruits, Trees, and 

Ornamental Cuts, 1 

^ST" FOR SALE CHEAP. -83^ 

LARGE BOOK, showing each one. sent on § 
m receipt of 25 cents, deducted front first order. § 

ALL KINDS OF CUTS MADE TO ORDER 



at low rates. LIST of Fruit Electros and Col- 
ored Plates free. 

ENGRAVER FOR 



a 



FLORISTS, SEEDSMEN and NURSERYMEN. | 

s 

IIIIIIMUIlMBMlttMIIIIMB 



PURDY'S 

FRUIT RECORDER. 

Published and edited by a man having 36 years' practical experience, 
and now having 200 acres under fruit, with evaporating buildings, 
green-ho.u?es, etc., right in the midst of the great fruit section of west- 
ern New York. Monthly, 20 pagev, $1 00 per year. Specimen free. 

Each number speaks for itself. Valuable premium to every sub- 
scriber. Grand and liberal inducements to club agents. Address 

A. M. PURDY, Palmyra, N. Y. 

PURDY'S 



NEW EDITION (1880) OF THE 



Small Fruit Instructor 

It tells, in plain, simple language, how to plant, grow and market 
the above, how to get the best crops, giving the best plans for grow- 
ing; how to dry, force, pot grow seedlings; plans of drying-houses, 
grape-trellises, etc. It is as full oi practical matter as an egg is of 
meat. You wouldn't exchange it for any $1.00 or $1.50 book on the 
same subject that you ever saw. The writer has compressed into this 
work his thirty years' experience. 64 pages. Paper cover, 25c; cloth 
bound 50c. — postpaid. Postage stamps accepted. 

Agents wanted. Also his Catalogue of 

SMALL FRUITS, TREES, SEED, Etc., 

Free to all applicants. Address A. M. PURDY, Palmyra, N. Y. 



POMONA HILL 



Salem Junction, N. C, 

(Near Greensboro.) 



OVEK TWO HUNDRED ACRES IN KURSERY STOCK. 



All the new and old varieties suited to the Southern and 
border States. 

My trees are now bearing in nearly every county in the 
Southern States, and my fruit giving general satisfaction, as 
many complimentary letters and increased sales in sections 
where my trees are bearing will show. 

If you want good fruit, get my trees, and you will have it. 

My stock consists of Apples in almost endless variety, all 
the new and rare varieties of Pears. Peach, no better selec- 
tion can be found, including the Lady Ingold, the great com- 
ing market variety. 

Plums, Cherry, Grapes, all the best varieties. 

Apricots, Nectarines, Quince, Figs, Mulberries, Strawber- 
ries, Gooseberries, Currants, Raspberries, Blackberries, Aspar- 
agus, Pie Plant, Shade Trees, Evergreens, Shrubs, Roses, &c. 

Special inducements to large planters. Correspondence 
solicited. Descriptive catalogue free. 

J. VAN LINDLEY, Proprietor, 

Salem Junction, N. C. 



CIVIL ENGINEERS AND SURVEYORS' INSTRUMENTS 
AND OFFICE SUPPLIES. 



W. & L, E. GURLEY'S 

Instrument Manufactory. 




Light Mountain Transit, with Solar Attachment. 



Free Illustrated Price List on application to — 

W. & L. E. GORLEY, 

Troy, New York. 



Instrument Makers. 




Pc. E. MATTBON & CO.H 



Proprietors. 



GROWERS, IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF 

TREES, PLANTS 1 SEEDS 

SEND FOR PRICE LIST. 



Address MATTISON & CO., Jacksonville, N. Y. 



P. S.— We have branch Nurseries near New York and 
Rochester, for the benefit of our Eastern and Western custo- 
mers, but all communications by mail should be addressed 
as above. 

* 



&TA REMEDY FOR DORMANT GRANGES. 



^THE AMERICANS 

Grange ♦ Bulletin 



Being the recognized National Journal of the Order, it gives its 
readers a weekly review of Grange doings in every State and Ter- 
ritory of the Union. Its Washington correspondence reflects the 
Order's influence at our national capital. Its corps of Grange 
and agricultural writers are unexcelled. It publishes official 
correspondence of State Grange officers Its market reports from 
the various business centers of the country are strictly and per- 
fectly made up for our readers, and are certainly superior in ex- 
tent and correctness to those published by any other Grange or 
agricultural journal. 

These reports are for farmers, and not made up for ring man- 
ipulations and fraud. 

Every department of the Bulletin will be found conducted for 
the advancement of the financial, intellectual and agricultural in- 
terests of the American farmer. 

To the Patron Farmer the Bulletin is 
Indispensable. 

An agent wanted in every Grange, to whom Premium Lists, 
Blanks, etc., will be promptly sent. 

SUBSCRIPTIONS: 

One year $1.50 

One year, cluhs of ten 1.25 

One year, clubs of twenty 1.00 

Address— GRANGE BULLETIN CO., 

S. E. Cor. 6th and Elm Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio. 





Huhter's Sifter. 

The most popular kitchen utensil ever in- 
vented. Millions of them in daily use. 

Every woman who ever used one will rec- 
ommend it. 

For sale everywhere by dealers. 



Double-Safety Odorless Hollow- Ware. 

"^g,No burned hands. No 
scalded arms. No cloth need- 
ed. Every woman needs one 
of these Kettles. 

No disagreeab'e odors fill- 
ing the house. No overflow 
on tbe stove. Recommended 
by physicians. So d by agents 
Carrying all steam and dis- 
agreeable odors from cook- 
ing down into the fire. 

The most COMPLETE COOKING UTENSIL ever invented. 

HUNTER'S 

Cyclone Egg-Beater, 

Mixer, Cup, Cream Whip- 

per, and Egg Nogg 

Machine. 

^@i,Six most useful and 
necessary articles known, 
combined in and sold for 
the price of one. j^~Ac- j§ 
knowledged by everybody 1p 
far superior to any Egg- "g 
Beater heretofore offered rr = — 
the public HUNTERS CYCLONE EGG BEATER 

«®* For sale by dealers. «®" Ask for them. S®* Take no others. 

THE HUNTER SIFTER COOK BOOK. 

This is a volume of 285 pages, beautifully printed on good, heavy paper, ele- 
gantly bound in fine cloth, and embossed in colors. The Receipts "are selected 
with great care, and tried by experienced housekeepers. It is the peer of any 
Cook Book published. 

Agents wanted all over the United States for these goods. They sell fast, and. 
pay good profits— 83 to $8 per day. Call or write for circulars. 

THE HUNTER SIFTER MANUFACTURING CO. 

30 to 40 E. Fifth Street, Cincinnati, 0. 




4 The WHITE is King £ 



THE BEST PAYING MACHINE TO AGENTS AND DEALERS,. 
BECAUSE ALL THE PEOPLE WANT IT. 




It is never out of order, and will last a lifetime. m 

Needles, Oils and parts for all Machines. Dealers wanted in 
unoccupied territory. For prices, terms, &c, address 

WHITE SEWING MACHINE COMPANY, 

14 No. 4th St., ST. LOUIS, MO. 



'fumtttm 




ONLY EIGHT-PAGE EVENING PAPER 
IN THE SOUTH. 



LTfrLigj^TgjQLTLlLlL^g^ 



Independent in Politics ; Progressive in 

Policy 

Full Telegraphic Service. 

Latest Commercial News. 



i^mT5Qafi5tT^Ttn^i3B551aldSm^^^ 



FULL CORPS OF EDITORIAL AND LOCAL WRITERS. 
ONLY $6 PER ANNUM. 



^F"Best Advertising Medium in its section. Read by 

Everybody, and recognized as the 

People's Paper. 

Address— B. H. RICHARDSON, 

Editor and General Manager. 



FRDITNURSERIES 



-^-i-j^nsrx)- 



L^SSiro/iiwiHDTfl m mum pi dm .S^ 



*%» VEGETABLE PLANT FARM. gfl* 

Strawberry, Raspberry, Blackberry, Grapes, 

old and new, including Niagara, 

Meech's Prolific Quince, early and abundant 

bearer, and unsurpassed in quality. 



Apple, Peach, Pear and Ornamental Trees and 
Shrubbery. 

Asparagus, Sweet Potato, Celery and Cabbage 
Plants a specialty. 



I. & J. L. LEONARD Proprietors, 

Iona, N. J., W. J. R. R., 

Twenty-five miles South of Philadelphia. 

Circulars and Price List free on application 



Small Pox Marks 



C-A.iT IBIE IRJEm^EO^EE. 



^LEOIST & CO> 



London, Perfumers to H. M. the Queen, have invented and patented 
the world renowned 

OBLITE3RATOR, 

which removes Small Pox Marks of however long standing. The application is sim- 
ple and harmless, causes no inconvenience, and contains nothing injurious. 
Price, S3.50. 

SUPERFLUOUS HAIR. | LE0N .. & D ^; s AT0RY , 

Removes superfluous Hair in a few minutes, without pain or unpleasant sensation 
—never to grow again. Simple and harmless. Full directions sent by mail. Price, 
One Dollar? GEO W. SHAW. General Agent, 

319 Tremont Street, Boston, Mass. 

MERRELL & AHTHOHY, 

Nurserymen, 

ozE2sr:iirv\A. istew ttoze^iec. 

Specialties : — Standard and Dwarf Pear Trees and 
Choice Grape Vines. 

Also, a full line of all kinds of Fruit Trees, Small 
Fruits, Roses and Ornamentals. 

Correspondence solicited. 



ef « oc § « u tt.5 J 



M 



.2* 



- i_l 
2 Of 



° of E « ." 



— — > « 



3 03 +J I- — , \J -\j 

o „r aj ^ >i -< o , z 

so -co &g 3«-«^S 




Subscribe and Advertise in the 

Western Tobacco Journal, 




Sample copies free. Send for one. 



Esta.-blisl5.ecl in 1S3S. J0g 

FRANKLIN, TENNESSEE, 
TRUETT & CO., . . . . Proprietors. 

GROWERS OF ALL KINDS OP 



aarcTRSEKTr stock, 

AT WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. 
t6T"~ Orders oy Mail Promptly Attended to. .JgJ 

Huntsville Wholesale Nurseries, 

HUNTSVILLE, ALA. 



LeConte and Kieffer Pears on their own 
roots, and Bartlett and other Pears on Le- 
Conte roots a Specialty. A large stock of 
PEARS, PLUMS, 

CHERRIES, PEACHES, 

RUSSIAN and other APRICOTS, 
QUINCES, APPLES, Dwarf and Standard, 
PEACHES on Plum Stocks, 
ROSES, H. P.'s, Mosses and Climber?. 
Catalogue on application. Address 

W. F. HEIKES, Manager, 

Huntsville, Ala. 




OEIENTAL PEABS 
A SPECIALTY. 



Ufa fitokpa Jnquirr r. 



A FIRST-CLASS 
FAMILY 

AND 

BUSINESS 

DAILY 

MORNING 

NEWSPAPER. 



ESTALISHED 1829. 




EIGHT PAGES, 

Two Cents. 

sold by all 

News Agents. 

Served by Careful Car- 
riers at 12 Cents a 
Week, Payable 
to the Carrier. 

Mail Subscriptions! 
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$6.00 A YEAR, 

Including Postage. 

THE INQUIRER bas a large circulation in families and 
among capitalists and business men in Philadelphia and 
throughout Pennsylvania and the neighboring States. It 
sustains a highly favorable reputation as a first-class 
journal, and is a most desirable medium for advertisers. 

W. W. HARDING, Publisher, 
304 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 



>■>«■«>.«. 



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**^^p^«^w»^^^^»^*^«mw» 



W. R. CHURCH, 



-MANUFACTURER OF- 



ROAD CARTS, CARRIAGES, 

BUGGIES. PHAETONS. He, Etc, 




Our Road Carts Entirely Overcome the Horse Motion. 

The "Dexters" are the Easiest Riding Buggies Mad 

TTOKETVTIJliIE, ILL. 



A perfect two-wheeled vehicle. Nurserymen, farmers and 
men about town who have much driving to do will find the York- 
ville Road Cart invaluable for many reasons, among which are 
that with it the horse is relieved of more than one-half the draft, 
and the Cart is so balanced on the axle as not to throw weight 
on the horse's back and cause chafing and soreness. No horse 
motion is felt by the driver, and an extended journey is not 
attended with as much fatigue in the Cart as in a four-wheeler. 
Space is provided under the seat for carrying small parcels, 
and the cart is so well adapted to the wants of the busy man that 
its merits can be seen and felt better than described. I append 
a few letters which show how the cart is looked upon by those 
who are using them. 



Mesquite, Texas, July 17, 1885. 
W. R. Church, Yorkville. 

Dear Sir :— The cart is all you claim for it. I have never seen 
anything of the kind that equals it ; in fact, it is better than I 
thought any kind of a vehicle could be made on two wheels. I 
would not be without mine for $250 if I could not get another. I 
have a No. 1 buggy which I paid $250 for, and I would not near 
give the cart for it for my use. 

Should you wish a certificate any time from me, recommend- 
ing it, I will give it with pleasure, for it fills the bill completely. 
Respectfully, D. A. Paschall. 

Mendham, N. J., July 26, 1885. 
W. R. Church, Yorkville, 111. 

Dear Sir : — I am very much pleased with the cart, and sha 
recommend them and your fair dealing whenever I have an op- 
portunity. Yours respectfully, G. S. DeGROOT. 

French Lick, Ind , June 22, 1885. 
W. R. Church, Yorkville, 111. 

Dear Sir : — The cart I bought of you over a year ago has stood 
as rough roads and as many miles as I would want any vehicle to. 
I have not spent five cents on it, except for grease. It seems to 
be self-supporting, furnishing its own oil most of the time. I 
mean by that that it is neglected, yet it is not to be outdone. 
Yours, etc., W. E. RYAN, M. D. 



Thirty-two page descriptive catalogue sent free on applica- 
tion to the manufacturer. 

W. R. CHURCH, Yorkville, III., 

Or the BRANCH OFFICE, 

53 S. Broad Street, ATLANTA, GA. 



THE POULTRY MESSENGER, 

Issued 1st and 15th of Each*Month. 

CHEAPEST I BEST POULTRY JOURNAL in the WORLD. 

34 NtJl^BHlR-S BOO. 
SAMPLE COPY 5c. 

Address POULTRY MESSENGER, 

CLIFTON FORGE, VA. 

" SUBSCRIBE fOW FOR THE COTTON PUNT, 

The leading Agricultural Journal pubished in the Southern States, and 
should be patronized by reading men of all classes. 

It is an eight page forty column paper, and published at the low price of 
SIXTY CENTS A. YEA.K,. 

The best farmers in the State and South are coutributors to its columns. 
Leading men of all professions are its supporters. Endorsed by the Grange. 

SEND FOR SPECIMEN COPIES. 

Stock or Poultry Breeders and Manufacturers of Improved Agricultural 
Implements will find the columns of The Cotton Plant a capital medium 
through which to reach th^faimersof Souih Carolina and the Southern States. 
Should be taken by every farmer South. Address, 

THE COTTON PLANT, 

3wi.A.:K.x©:r>T, s. c. 

THE TEMPERANCE"W0RKErT 

Removed from Columbia, S. C. 

A * LIVE * TEM PERANCE * PAPER, 

PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY IN 

SUMTEB, - - S. O. 

UNDER THE EDITORIAL MANAGEMENT OF 

:R,:EV. IHI. IF 1 . OHBEITZBERG-, 

G. W. C. T. OP I. O. G. T. OF 8. C. 

ASSISTED BY AN ABLE CORPS OF EDITORS. 

The patronage and influence of all frieivs of Temperance is solicited' 
Terms only 60 cents a year To advertisers desiring a wide circulation, it offers 
a n excellent medium. 

On business, address 

N. G. OSTEEN, Publisher. 



t GREAT NEW QUINCE 

^MEECH'S PROLIFIC^ 

The most wondeiful of all new Fruits. Will thrive 
anywhere. £sot a local variety. 

Handsome photograph of branch of fruit, and circu- 
lar giving description, directions in culture, method of 
(.Tuning, valuable receipt?, interesting articles from the 
press, etc , all free. 

The largest stock of 

MULBERRY TREES 

in America — all varieties. Send for circular and price 
list. 

Hardv SHADE TREES, SHRUBS and VINES, 
RARE PLANTS, EVERGREENS, FRUIT TREES 
and VINES. 

HANCE & BORDEN, Rumson Nurseries, 
Redbank, N. J., and 31 Fulton St., N. Y. 



Special Announcement. 

To those who buy good plants 
of Roses, Carnations, Gerani- 
ums, Verbenas, Begonias, Fuch- 
sias, &c Lowest prices guaran- 
teed. Just try a $2 sample or- 
der. It will surely please you. 

New and rare Roses. A large 
stock in fine condition. William 
Francis Bennett, the famous 
crimson hybrid Tea, always in 
bloom. American Beauty, the 
great American new hybrid Tea. 
The coming Rose extra. Her 
Majesty, the largest Rose in the 
world, will be offered for the 
first time this fall. 

We grow to sell, and study to 
please all, large and small. Ev- 
ery order packed in the greatest 
of care, and safe arrival guaran- 
teed. 

Plants shipped to all points. 

CHAS T. SIEBEBT, 
The Restless and Sleepless Florist, Stanton Ave., E E, Pittsburg, Pa. 





Over 30,00C now in use. Eyery Machine is warranted 
to suit, or moDey refunded. 

Price of Mills, $20 to $40; Shelters, $5. 

Do not buy a Mill or Sheller until you have seen our terms 
and illustrated circular. Address, with stamp, 

LIVINGSTON & CO., 
Iron Founders, Pittsburgh, Pa. 



F. L. WRIGHT, 

Plainfield, Michigan, 

HAS a large stock of Grape Vines, Strawberry, Raspberry, Blackberry, Cur- 
rant, Catalpa, Chestnut, Russian Apricot, Mulberry, etc., etc., which he 
will sell at very low prices in single, 100 or 100a lots. We make a specialty of 

Lucretia Dewberry, Marlboro and Michigan Early Raspberries, 
Niagara, Early Yictor, Worden, Moore's Early, 

Vereennes, Triumph and other Grapes ; Atlantic, Daniel Boon, Parry and Mrs. 
Garfield Strawberries, etc., etc. 

WIX-L. NOT BE UUDEHSOLD! 

Either retail or wholesale, bv reliable parties 

All stock packed securely and guaranteed to reach purchaser in good condi- 
tion 

We also edit the Horticultural Department of the Western Plowman, and re- 
ceive subscriptions and advertisements for the same. Sample copy free. 

ITALIAN AND CYPRIAN BEES AND QUEENS for sa e at all times, at low 
prices. Send for Catalogues and Trade L- sts 

F. L- WRIGHT 

Plainfield, Michigan, 

Livingston, Co. 

CARBOUNEUWI AVENAR1US ! 

I BEG TO OFFER CARBOLINEUM AVENARIUS, 

AN • ANTISEPTIC WOOD PRESERVER, 

in liquid form, which has been used in Europe for over 10 years with the greatest 
success and satisfaction. It penetrates easily into the wood and forces out the water 
contained in the capillary cells, while its fatty constituents do not allow any to re- 
enter, and it protects the timber against the atmospheric influences. It contains 
about 20 per cent, of antiseptic bodies, which have the effect to destroy all germs 
of decay and fungus, and to prevent rotting and decay of the timber, at the same 
time killing the vermin and woodworm, which may be in the timber, and prevent* 
their generating in it. . 

The CARBOLINEUM AVENARIUS is applied like paint, with a brush ; it 
turns on wood into a handsome nut brown stain ; it is not inflammable and very 
cheap to use. .. 

A pamphlet containing detailed and full instructions for the use of the < arboli— 
neum Avenarius will be sent on application 

SOHULZE-BERGE & KOECHL, N. Y., Importers. 

Address, R y. ZACHABX 

Norfolk, Va., Sole Agent for the Southern fctates. 
lso, Agent for the Howard Weatherproof Paints. 



LeCONTE nursery. 




All the premiums taken for these fruits and trees at New Orleans. Can't be un- 
did. Send for Catalogue. W.W.THOMPSON, 

Smithville, Ga. 

THE SOUTHER1T WOULD, 

A JOURNAL OF INDUSTRY FOR THE HOME AND WORKSHOP— 
Published on the ist and 15th of each Month, at $1 per annum, Atlanta, Ga 
It is published on the ist and 15th of each month, having an average circulation of 
15,000 copies. While it has a large circulation throughout the Southern States,the 
diffusiveness of its circulation is established by the fact that it finds its way into 
every State and Territory of the United States, the Canadas and Europe. It is 
printed on fine book paper and handsomely illustrated, and is presented in such 
form that it is not only capable of being preserved, but is worthy of it. These 
two points — a diffusive circulation and its preservation — render it unsurpassed and 
unapproachable as an advertising medium 

In Club : THE SOUTHERN CULTIVATOR and THE 

SOUTHERN WORLD, one year, both papers, $1.75. 

Sample Copies Free. 

The Jasper County News 

Is Published every Thursday at Monticello, Jasper County, 
Georgia. 



JOHN C. KEY, Editor. 

A. P. PENN, Publisher and Proprietor. 



The News is a wide awake local family paper, circulating freely 
among the intelligent farmers of Jasper and adjoining coun- 
ties. It is read by nearly every family in the town as well as the 
-surrounding towns and villages. 

Advertisements inserted at liberal rates. Terms, $1.00 per annum, 
in advance. 



The Denison Nurseries, ""rcsT" 

And Grow a Large Stock of 

Japan Persimmons, Blackberries, Peachec, Grapes, Plums, 

and hardy Ornamental Shrubs and Trees, 

Most successful in the South. 

T. V. MUNSON, Proprietor, DENISON, TEX. 

P. O. Lock Box 508. i^~ Catalogue free. 

ftJP WABfAMMA BTfTM (DESCRIPTION— The Marianna Plum is an acd- 
liktt Sk&MftMn iUUSi ] dental seedling of Wild Goose of Texas origin. 
Tree a rapid and uniform grower. Fruit round, and a little larger than the Wild 
Goose ; a deep cardinal red when fully ripe ; stone small, and fruit of fine quality ; 
persistent, and not liable to be blown off by winds ; ripens before the Wild Goose. 
It grows from cuttings as readily as the willow, and never sprouts from the root. This 
fruit is said to be entirely free from the ravages of the curculio and other insect* ; 
and bears unifrormly heavy crops all seasons. Trees first offered Fall 1884. 
Ore dollar each. No scions or buds for sale at any price. 



c 





J 

E. W. Kirkpatrick, - Proprietor. 

FRUIT, EVERGREEN" AND SHADE TREES, 
BLOOMING SHRUBS and PLANTS. 

Located in the famous Black Land, at McKinney, Texas, and 
the rich Sandy Loam, at Denison, Texas. 

We compare with the best, and compete with all. We study 
adaptation of soil and climate, and give thorough cultivation to 
the best varieties, skillful labor and fair dealing. 

Instructions free. Send for catalogue and special rates on large 
orders. We refer to our patrons, and to the Collin County Na- 
tional Bank, at McKinney, Texas. 



IF YOU WANT TO ADVERTISE, BE SURE YOU GET THE 
BEST PAPER. 

The Watchman and Southron, 

SUMTER, S. C, 
The Oldest Paper and the Largest Circula- 
tion in this section of the State. 

The Watchman and Southron is composed of the joint subscription and in- 
fluence of the Sumter Watchman and the True Southron, the two having been 
consolidated by us in August, 1881. These papers were the oldest and most in- 
fluential in Sumter, the former having been established in 1850, and the laiter 
in 1866. Before the consolidation they were both alive and active, and doing a 
good business. 

The combination of the two has given to our subscribers a first-class journal, 
and offers to our advertising patrons a better means of addressing the pubiic 
than can be provided by any other paper in this section. 

Subscription $3 a year in advance. Contract advertisers re- 
quested to write for rates for time and space desired. 

WATCHMAN & SOUTHRON PUB. CO., 

V SUMTER, S. C. 

GREAT NORTHERN and SOUTHERN 

USTTTIFLSIECilFLTEJS. 

PEACH TREES suited to all sections. APPLE TREES, extra long 
keeping kinds. 

KIEFFER and LeCONTE FEARS. 
fi®~A full line of all kinds of Nursery Stock, cheap. Trees, Grape 
Vines Small Fruit, and other Plants by mail. American and French Seedlings 
and Grafts put up to order for the trade in the best manner. Eighty page cat- 
alogue showing how and what to plant, with much valuable information, free. 
__ RANDOLPH PETERS, Will* ington, Del. 

GMflllSlI 15. 

MAMMOTH BLACK TWIG, HATCHER'S SEEDLING, GILL'S BEAUTY. 
KOSSUTH AND BRIGHTWATER. Apples that will, in the near future, occupy 
leading positions in the list of Arkansas Fruits . 

ANDREW'S MAMMOTH, a peach that will please the eye as well as the 
palate of every lover of the good and the be*u»iful. 

Send for circular and price list of ge teral stock to 

JOHN B. GILL, 

SPRINGDALE, ARKANSAS. 




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Would You Save Money ? 

If so, send 3,11 orders for 

LETTER HEADS, ENVELOPES, 

BILL HEADS, STATEMENTS, 

RECEIPTS, CHECKS, DRAFTS, 
DRUG LABELS, BALL AND 
WEDDING INVITATIONS, 

CARDS, ETC., ETC., TO 

GULLEY & MORRIS, 

Plain and Fancy Job Printers, 

FRANKLINTON, N. G. 



JP^T'Samples and Prices Furnished Free on Application. 



SATISFACTION GUARANTEED. 

TREES! VINES! PLANTS 

The undersigned firm offers to the trade p, large and well-grown stock- of 
everything to be found in a well appointed nursery. 

Having superior advantages, both as to climate and soil, as well as un- 
rivalled facilities for shipping and packing, we are growing, and now offer to- 
the trade, stock suited to planters in every locality, both North and South. 

Among our new and tried specialties we offer a large stock of the celebra- 
ted Meeche's Prolific Quince. 

Catalogues and circulars giving full information sent on application. 

Address WEST JERSEY NURSERY CO., 

BRIDGETON, NEW JERSEY. 

J. A. ROSS & CO., 

DEALERS IN — 

Fire Arms and Sporting Goods* 

16 & 17 DOCK SQUARE, 

BOSTON, - MjAJSS. 



THE JACKSON NEWS 

Eight Pages— Forty-Eight Columns 

PUBLISHED AT 

JACKSON, BUTTS COUNTY, Ga. 

INSTRUCTIVE AND ENTERTAINING. 

200 Valuable Presents Given Away Every Year I 

SUBSCRIPTION ONLY $1.50 A Year. 

The Advertiser's Friend— Circulating in Five Counties. 

Special Inducements to Advertisers. 

A mammoth Trade Paper issued on the 1st of October in- 
each year. 5000 copies. W. E. HARP, Publisher. 

Mice, Advertisers, Notice 



If you want to advertise in a LIVE COUNTRY 
WEEKLY NEWSPAPER send your advertisements to 
the 

Haralson County Banner 

The Banner is a live seven column weekly, with a large- 
and increasing circulation — all printed at home. It cir- 
culates extensively in Haralson, Polk, Paulding and Car- 
roll counties, Ga., and in Alabama and Texas. 

Write at once for terms. 

Address, A. B. FITTS, Editor and Publisher, 

Haralson Co. Buchanan, Ga. 



fc GRAPE VINES. ;S 

A Full Assortment, New and Old. 



THE JEFFERSON, EMPIRE STATE AND OTHER NEW 
VARIETIES A SPECIALTY. 



'■»" Also, small Fruit Plants at lowest living prices. Send for my illustrated 
Catalogue, free to all. 



J. a. BURROW, 

FISHKILL, NEW YORK. 



j£& 3^coisrE"3r o< ^^ 



IN 

SIMIAJLILi FRUITS. 



Olioicest StzeiTKrToexxies- 

^r*Small Fruits Our 



Specialty. 



Raspberries, Blackberries, 
Grapes, etc. 



GREEN HOUSE AND BEDDING PLANTS. 

Illustrated catalogue free. GEO. L. MILLER, 

Rldgewood Nurseries, Stockton, Ohio 

Only seventeen miles from Cincinnati. Shipping facilities excellent. 



11 PROFITABLE NEW FIELD. 




Pecan * Culture. 

The Pecan is of the same genus as the Hickory, and will 
flourish wherever the Hickory grows. 
One well grown Pecan tree will yield a net annual income of 

$25.00 TO $50.00. 

Read what Mr. A. C. Daniel, of Crawford, Ga., says of the 

FECLAJST : 

"I have a row of trees at the back of my garden of different 
sizes. The largest one is five feet in circumference, and I gather- 
ed from it day before yesterday eleven bushels and one peck of 
nuts, which I sold in Athens, to Mr. Jester, for forty-five dollars, 
($45.00). I have trees six or seven years old that are, bearing. 
I believe they can be made to bear at four or five years of age. 
A Pecan nut raised in this climate is far superior to others. I can 
sell all the nuts I raise to my neighbors ; can retail them at 20 
cents per pound — $8.00 per bushel. I am going to set me out an 
orchard, and push them from the jump." rt^r: -^Z 

I make a specialty of this nut, propagating only the ' finest 
varieties. 

Send your address on postal card for prices. 

s. w. peek:, 

Proprietor Hartwell Nurseries, 

HARTWELL, GA. 



-sn THE ROME COURIER, &- 

WM. H. HIDELL, Proprietor, , ROME, GEORGIA. 



There are 153 newspapers published in Georgia, and in circulation The Courier 
ranks seventh. The only paper in North Georgia that takes the Associated Press 
and other telegraphic news. It has a large and steadily increasing circulation in 
Cherokee Georgia, and the Northeastern counties of Alabama, and is the BEST AD- 
VERTISING MEDIUM in this section. 

Subscription— Daily, 88.00; Weekly, $1.50, cash. 

Population of Rome and suburbs, over 8,000. 

Annual receipts of cotton average 90,000 bales. 

SUBSCRIBE FOR 

The V/aY of LlFE 

REV. "W. A. DODGE, Editor and Publisher. 

It is a four -page, six column Holiness paper, published for the 
sole purpose of promoting the doctrine and experience of " Entire 
Sanctification," as presented by the Word of God and taught by all 
the standards of Methodism. 

Subscription: Per annum, $1.00; six months, 60 cents; three 
months, 40 cents. Address REV. W. A. DODGE, Gainesville, Ga. 

Macon Evening News, 

J. B. POUND & BRO., Proprietors. 

Newsy, progressive! Largest city circulation! The best ad- 
vertising medium in Macon and vicinity. 

No. 88 SECOND STREET, 

MiLCOlT, a-BOI^Crl-A.. 



JOS. H. FELKER. GEO. M. NAPIER. 

Felker & Napier, 

ATTORNEYS AT LAW and REAL ESTATE AGENTS. 

Also, Editors, Publishers and Proprietors of THE WALTON 
NEWS, Monroe, Walton County, Ga. 



TEACH SCHOOL. 

Any one can become so thoroughly posted in three weeks reviewing with the 
Common School Question Hook as to successfully pass the most difficult and 
technical legal examinations for teachers' certificates By its aid thousands of 
young people earn an honorable and lucrative livelihood. 25.000 sold last year. 

Full descriptive circulars and specimen pages sent for stamp. Agents wanted. 
A. H. CRAIG, Publisher, Caldwell, Racine Co., Wisconsin. 



HATCH CHICKS BY STEAM- 

The Craig Folding Incubator and Brooder (combined) is thfl cheapest 
and best. Will hatch from 1 200 to 1 500 chicks per year, worth as broilers from 
$4 to $12 per dozen. Pleasant and profitable at ail seasons No cost or experi- 
ence to operate . Holds 100 egas. Price S12 complete. Any one can raise a few 
chickens. An absolute success. Perfect imitation of the hen. No lumps to 
explode. Ten hens will pay $200 profit per year. 500 Incuba'ors in use. Gives 
universal satisfaction. Send stamp for new 32-page book on Poultry, incuba- 
tors, Brooders, Diseases, Remedies, Etc. E. D. CRAIG, Manufacturer, 

North Evanston, Cook Co., 111. 

EVERGREEN KUIISEKIES, 

©EH.MIAJV. TEXAS, 

i G. A. McKEE, ----- Proprietor, 

GROWER OP 

GENERAL NURSERY STOCK. 

EVER-BEARING MULBERRIES 

and JAPANESE PERSIMMONS 
7pgg~ Specialties. Send for catalogue and prices. ^§g£ 

$50,000 IN LIBEL SUITS, 

AND STILL 

THE !^OTl2<TTlZrGr 2jTET7s7-S 

Remains above the rising tide, and is the leading paper in Dela- 
ware, and the best advertising medium on the Peninsula. Send 
for card of rates and specimen copy. 

THE NEWS PUBLISHING CO. 

WATSON R. SPERRY, Editor in Chief; EDGAR M. HOOPES, 
Manager. 

CLIFFORD'S EXQUISITE PERFUME, 
EMPRESS BOUQUET, 

(REGISTERED 1885.) 
In 50 Cts., 75 Cts., and Sl.OO Bottles. 

At all Perfumery and Drug Stores in the United States. Sample bot- 
les sent b y mail, anywhere in the United States, for 25 cts. 

CLIFFORD, Perfumer, 

23 School St., Boston, Mass. 




SAVE HONEY 

By baying GUNS, REVOLVERS, RELOADING TOOLS, 

ROLLER SKATES, CUTLERY, Etc., Etc., from 

J. A. ROSS & CO., 

16 and 17 Dock Square, Boston, Mass 

^®, Send your address on a postal card for our 32 page illustrated 
catalogue. 



iUBBER 
I STAM 



COTTON GINS. 

I AM NOW OFFEKING THE CELEBRATED 

IZSL COTTOIT GKEILT 

LOWER THAN ANY GIN ON THE MARKET. 

This GIN is strictly first-class in every particular, equal to any and 
SUPERIOR to many now offered. Parties desiring 



would do well to write for circulars and prices. They are offered at 
^ LOW FIGURES because they ^sg, Ml/ST BE SOLD. 

C. S. FINDLAV, Manager, 

Macon, Georgia. 



FOR SALE. 

GEORGE CT. MILLER, 

PROPRIETOR OF THE 

OHIO VALLEY NURSERIES, 

Situated on the banks of the Ohio river, and on the Baltimore and 
Ohio and Ohio River Railroads, offers for sale for the year 1886-1887 : 
1,000,000 Apple Trees, 75,000 Pear, 75,000 Cherry, 75,000 Plum, 100,000 
Peach. 20,000 Quinces, 300,000 Evergreens, 400,000 Small Fruits. 5,000 
Deciduous Shrubs, such as Altheas, Snowball, Weigelias. Deutzias Pur- 
ple and White Fringe Hydrangeas Oalycanthus, 40.000 Ornamental 
Trees— Maple, Lombard Poplars, Box Elder, Catalpa, Linden, 
Birch, Weeping Trees, Ash, Birch and Killmarnock Willow, etc. 
Greenhouse and Vegetable Plants. 

IsTE^T" FPtXJITS. 




CORNELIA 

STRAWBERRY 



MARLBORO 

RASPBERRY 



KIEFER'S HYBRID PEAR. 



Also, all the older Fruits, Ornamentals, etc. Catalogue free. Es- 
ablished 1885. H. S. ANDERSON, Union Springs, N. Y. 

THE MARLIH FIRE ARMS CO. 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

NEW HAYEN, CT. 

P. O. Box, 429. 



OHIDS. 

Write for our new Catalogue. It will give you practical hints on how to grow 
these beautiful plants. We are noAv making special offers, and have made se- 
lections of the different varieties to suit the taste of the buyer. 

We offer 12 Cattleyas 12 kinds good plants, for 812.00; 12 Lfelias 6 kinds good 
plants, for $ 9.00 ; 12 Oncidium-, 12 kinds good plants, for $9.00; 12 Dendiobi- 
ums, 12 kinds good plants, lor $9.' 0. 

We have lately added to our collection 4,00») Established Orchids, and 
from 3,000 to 5,000 Not Established. If you want to buy good Plants as 
cheap as good Roses, write to us, stating what you want, and what size of plant, 
and we promise to answer you by return mail. We grow to sell and only ask a 
trial. 

Plants frorn Guatemala.— Our latest acquisition is the great exhibit of the 
Court of Guatemala at the New Orleans Exposition, comprising 7,000 large 
plants, among which are fine masses of Eycaste, Skinnerii, Odontoglossum 
grade, O. pulchellum, majus, etc. 

It is safe to sav that our collection is unequaled by commercial florists in 
America. A. BKACKENRIDGK. Established 1854. KOSEBANK 
NURSERIES, Govanstown, Baltimore Co.. Md. 

OBSTACLES TO MARRIAGE. 

Happy relief to young men from the errors and abuses in early life. Man- 
hood restored ; impediments to marriage removed ; new method of treatment, 
new and r3markable remedies. Books and circulars sent free in sealed envel- 
opes. Address HOWAKD ASSOCIATION, Philadelphia, Pa., an insti- 
tution having a high reputation for honorable conduct and professional skill. 

ORANGE GROVES IN FLORIDA. 

C. G. ADAMS, Sorrento, Orange Co., Fla, 

Practical and Experienced ORANGE GROWER and REAL ESTATE 

DEALER. Lands bought, cleared and Groves started for 

noa-res dents on annual installments 

A comfortable bome, surrounded by a beautiful and profitable 
ORANGE GROVE, is one of tbe best of investments Full particulars 
by addressing above. PURE ITALIAN BEES for sale 

497,803 STRAWBERRY PLANTS. 

All tbe best and leading sorts— new and old Fine stock (75 000) 
" Gregg " R spberry Plants. "Hansell," "Marlboro," "Rancocas," 
and other Raspberries. Prices lower tban same qua ity of stock can 
be bought elsewhere. 

LeConte Pear Trees. The " Lutie " Grape, 
b' st of all early grapes for tbe South. Send for circular and price list. 

Save express cbarges by having your orders filled near home. 

Address, E. M. H. & J. B. CARNEY, 

Nashville, Tenn. 

References : Hon. A. J. McWhirter, Commissioner Agriculture this 
State; Fourth National Bank, this city. 




vtm#f 




tda^m; 



Treats all Surgical Diseases, particularly 
Rectal troubles. 

Residence: 167 Jones St., Office: 77 South Pryor, 
Third door West Opposite New 

of McDonough. Court House. 



uanta, ^y&e&ima. 



The Cochran Messenger, 

Published every Friday, at Cochran, 
Pulaski County, Ga. 



BY J. D. RICHARDSON & BROTHER, 

Editors and Proprietors. 



Contains each week poetry, short story, Talmage's sermon, farm 
news and miscellaneous reading matter, State news, editorial com- 
ment, full local department, gotten up by the editor and his corre- 
spondents. Good circulation in a fine territory. Subscription, $1.50 
per year. Advertising rates furnished on application. 




GRIFFIN, GEORGIA. 

The Great Dollar Weekly 
of the South. 

And Live Exponent of the inter- 
ests of Middle Georgia, the Gar- 
den Spot of the World, and 
Fruit Center of the United State*. 
r Northern people wanting sonce idea of this section, and Southern people desir- 
ing the best weekly paper in the State of Georgia, should not fail to subscribe for the 
GRIFFIN WEEKLY NEWS, a large 8-page, 48-column paper, full of news and in- 
teresting reading matter, at One Dollar per year Send for free sample copy Address 

DOUGLAS GLESSNER, Publisher, Griffin, Ga. 

The Franklin lews, 



Published every Friday, at Franklin, Heard county, Ga. P. 
T. McCutchen, editor and publisher. Official organ of the 
county. One of the most enterprising and interesting little 
weeklies in the State. Large circulation. Rates cheap. It 
circulates among a progressive people, and advertising in it will 
pay. 

100,000^ROSES ! 

OWN ROOTS. 

Out-doors growing, strong as any in trade. Nothing but leading 
kinds of older and newest sorts, at $3.00 a dozen. 
Special rates for larger quantities, on application, bv 

OELSCHIG & MEYER, 
Rose Growers, Savannah, Ga. 



SOLID SOUTH. 

Official Organ of City and County. Published every 
Saturday at C»nyers, Georgia. 

MADDOX & IRWIN, Proprietors- 

A live Democratic Paper, which Deeds no bolstering up, either as 
a newspaper or an advertising medium. 

Its guaranteed circulation is larger than that of any other paper 
published in the county, and it reaches and is read by more 
people who are in prosperous circumstances than any 
other paper which circulars in this por- 
tion of the State. 

The tide of Southern prosperity, which set in a few years ago, is 
steadily rising, and the gain of material wealth is enormous. 

No better field exists for the sale of articles, both useful and orna- 
mental, than this section of the South, and c a rtainly no better paper 
can be found in which to advertise than the SOLID SOUTH. Rates 
furnished on application. 

G-AZETTE, 

STJMMERVILLE, GEORGIA. 

J. C. LOOMIS, - - - - Editor and Publisher. 

Issued on Wednesdays. Published in one of the best counties, 
financially, in Georgia, which is admitted to rank higher in this 
respect than any other Southern State. Has ala-ge circulation in 
adjoining counties. Advertising rates moderate. 

MIDDLE GEORGIA ARGUS, 

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF BUTTS COUNTY. 

An Exceptionally Good Advertising Medium for 
All Business Pursuits. 

Being in a thrifty agricultural and fruit-growing section, we can 
offer superior inducements to parties desiring to engage in either 
Farming, Fruit-Growing or Gardening Send $1.25 for the ARGUS 
one year, which will give all the necessary information. 

DAVID J. THOXTON, Editor. 



RIPI F^ °f evei 7 kind— Muzzle and Breech Loading, single, double 
nilLLO and repeating, 7, 16 and 34 shooters, from $10 to $100, for 
Hunting, Target or Farm use. 

^UflT RIIN^ Double and Single Barrel, Muzzle and Breech Load- 
OnV/l OUliO ing of all the best actions, at prices lower than ever 
offered in this country. Warranted not to kick or scatter, and to 
shoot close at very long distance, with great penetration. Double 
Gun from $5 to $200. Single, $3 to $30. 

RPVfll VFR^ 4 > 5 > 6and7 shooters, for powder and ball or fixed 
nLVULVLnO ammunition; blue or full nickel plated for Rim or 
Central Fire ammunition ; Pocket, Belt and Navy Sides ; also, Ladies' 
Revolvers, all prices, from $1 to $25. 
Pistols, all kinds and siz s, from 75c to $10. Fishing Tackle. _ 
Large Illustrated Price List sent free to anv one who will write to 
GREAT WESTERN GUN WORKS, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

any post-office in the Unit- 
ed States and Canadas. 
Guns s nt by Express to 
PlTTSBURG.PA.,U.S.A.^* li «^ any Express office in the 
United States to be examined before paid for. All goods warranted. 

A full assortment of everything in the line of Ammunition, Gun 
Fixtures, Fishing Tackle, Seines, Nets, Rods, Lines, Hooks Reels, 
Flies, etc. A large lot of very long and extra heavy Gun-- on hand. 

THE 

Success Hatcher. 




If you are going to buy an Incubator, Brooder, or Poultry, 
or anything in the line of Poultry Supplies, it will PAY you 
to eorresp >nd with 



Address- THE SUCCESS HATCHER CO., 

Lancaster, Pa. 
P. S.— State where you saw this. 



LaCYGNE NURSERY, 

LaCYGNE, LINN CO., KANSAS, 

Midway between Fort Scott, Kansas, and Kansas City, Missouri, 
on the Kansas City, Fort Scott and Gulf Railroad. Also, direct line 
to Memphis, Tennessee. 

FEVCTXT TREES, SMAX.X- FRUITS, 

FOREST TREE SEEDLINGS, 

APPLE GRAFTS, PEAR GRAFTS, 

CHERRY and PLUM GRAFTS, 

and everything kept in a first-class Nursery, at wholesale or 
retail. Write for prices. Address 

D. W. COZAD, Box 25. 

GRAPE VINES. 

All the best new and old varieties at reasonable rates. 
All Plants WARRANTED True to Name. 

LARGE SUPPLY OF 

STRAWBERRIES, RASPBERRIES, 

BLACKBERRIES, CURRANTS, Etc. 

Any of the above small Fruits can be sent safely by mail or express 

TO ANY PART OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Send your own and neighbor's name for free catalogue. Address 
JOEL HORNER & SON, 
Mercliantville, Camden Co., N. Jersey. 



STE^LinSTO- GOOSEBERRY 

Will be for sale fall of 1886. Orders booked from this time will be 
filled in rotation. I am propagating the NATIVE NEBRASKA. 
CURRANTS, lirge as cherry, not so sour as the red, nor so dry and 
musky as the black currants— very hardy. Box Elder Seedlings, Rus- 
sian Mulberry and Apricot, Grapes, Raspberries, Strawberries, Hardy 
Apples, etc. List free. I ship across the continent. 

CHAS. H. SUMNER, Franklin, Nebraska. 

ROLLER SKATING BADGES, 

School and College Medals, Sporting and So- 
ciety Badges and Pins, Badges from your own 
designs. Write for estimates. R. W. KIP, 
63 Fulton St., New York 




BADGES FROM YOUR OWN DESIGNS. 

An engraved Copper Plate and 50 Visiting 
Cards — latest style, $1.25 by mail. Monograms, 
Seals, Rubber Stamps, etc. The unique Linen 
Marker for marking linen, an old English letter, 
with ink and brush, only 20 cents. Write for 
estimates. R. W.KIP, 63 Fulton St., N. Y. 



-f THE EITGLISXI OLEMATES," 

The finest climbing Flowering Vine in cultivation. Period of bloom- 
ing covers three months. Twenty different colors. Strong, two-year 
old plants by mail $1.00 each. Address 

Box 273. P. C. WILDEY, Albany, N. Y. 

A PARTNER WANTED 

■wirriEi $500 CAPITAL 

TO HELP RUN A 

NURSERY, TRUCK: FARM, ETC- 

Business long established. Address 

W. K. NELSON, Prop. Georgia Nursery, 

Augusta, Georgia. 



GATE CITY WIRE WORKS, 

No. 5 North Forsyth Street, ATLANTA, GEORGIA, 

— MANUFACTURERS OF — 




Tree Guards, Wire Work of every description, Wire Chairs. Set- 
tees, Arches and Hanging Baskets, Fire Screens, Nursery Fendera 
Window Guards, Office Railing and Wire Cloth. 

J. L. SOUTHCOMB, Manager. 

BILIOUSNESS! 

With its attending train of symptoms, cured by 



U son 



UVEE Ml 



Purely Vegetable, perfectly harmless. 

SORE and INFLAMED EYES CURED without pain, by 
DR. SALTER'S EYE LOTION. 

Cures in twenty-four to forty-eight hours, absolutely with* 
out pain. These remedies for sale, at wholesale and retail, at 

THE REFORM DISPENSARY, 

Corner Broad and Walton Sts., Atlanta, Ga. 



ifiriee: tisi-a.XjI 



Whether Young or Old, having impaired their PROOREATIVE 

POWERS by the Indiscretions of Youth or Excesses of Maturer 

Years may V>e quickly restored to PERFECT MANHOOD 

AND SEXUAL POWER by the use of NERVITA. 

Thousands of cases of Nervous Debility, mental and physical weakness, lost man- 
hood, nervous prostration, results of indiscretions, excesses or any cause cured by 
NERVITA. No remedy ever offered to the afflicted has met with such un- 
precedented success. It has no equal for curing all forms of NERVOUS WASTE, 
EXHAUSTION, DEBILITY OR DECAY. Its beneficial effects are immediately 
perceptible; in a few weeks after commencing its use a feeling of renewed vigor and 
strength is apparent. It effects a prompt and radical cure, and is the only safe and 
effectual remedy known for curing all forms of NERVOUS DEBILITY from any 
cause. Its effects are permanent. No matter how aggravated your case, how many 
remedies you have tried, or how many doctors have failed. When the disease has 
baffled the skill of the ablest physicians, when melancholy and despair have taken 
the place of hope, and the world looks blank and dreary, Nervita will inspire new 
life and permanently cure body and mind. 14,727 cases cured by its use in 1884. 
Strong faith that it will cure every case prompts us to send a trial package on receipt 
of 12 cents postage. Free at office. Price per package, $1 00; six for $5.00. Name 
this paper. Address DR. A. G. OI.IN CO., 

P. O. Box 343. 180 E. Washington St., Chicago, II. 



QUAKER CITY 

DOUBLE 

Reduction Grinding Mill 

For Corn and Cob, 
FEED AND TABLE MEAL. 

THIS MILL, 
received the First Pre- 
mium at the Penn- 
sylvania State Fair 
1884. Send for Cir- 
cular. 

A. W. STRAUB & CO., 
3737 Filbert St., . . . Philadelphia, Pa. 




THE CARROLL FREE PRESS 

CARROLLTON, GEORGIA. 



EDWIN R. SHARPE, Editor and Proprietor. 



Is published every Friday morning, at $1.00 per annum. 

The FREE PRESS is the official organ of the Ordinary of 
Carroll county, and has a large and growing circulation in this 
and adjoining counties. 

The FREE PRESS makes a specialty of local news, and 
hence its success as a local paper. 

The FREE PRESS terms for advertising are quite liberal, 
and parties desiring to advertise in this section of Georgia 
would do well to consult us. 

Send for specimen copy. 

If you want to find out all about 

Weft 11 Carol, 



SUBSCRIBE FOR THE 

Blue Ridge Enterprise, 

The ENTERPRISE gives reliable and accurate information in 
regard to the rich mineral, timber and agricultural resources of West- 
ern North Carolina. 

Terms, $1.50 per year. Fifty cents in stamps will pay for the pa- 
per three months. 

Address "ENTERPRISE," Webster, N. C, Jackson County. 



THE MOUNTAIN BANNER, 

RUTHERFORDTON, N. C, 

By Wm. C. IVY, Editor and Proprietor. 

-A. HOl^E-FISinSTTEID SHEET, 

Circulating extensively in Western North Carolina 
and Northern South Carolina, offers 

UNEQUALED ADVANTAGES to Advertisers. 
W IRA-TIEIS XjO W- 



SXTBaCBIFTIO^T OlfTXiY $1 A YBAB . 

WM. K. NELSON, 

PROPRIETOR OF THE 

GEORGIA NURSERY 

CULTIVATOR OF AND DEALER IN 

FHT7IT THEES, GHAFE VHTES, 

STRAWBERRY PLANTS, Etc., 

AUGUSTA, GEORGIA, 

E. A. ANGIER, 

ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR AT LAW, 
_A.tlstra.ta,, O-eoxgria-. 

Practices in all the Courts — State and Federal. 



LINCOL^ POTTEBY WOKKS. 

GEOKGE MOBLET,t 

Manufacturer of WHITE GRANITE, DECORATED 

and MAJOLICA WARE, 

East Liverpool, --------- Ohio. 

Quality of Wares equal to any, either foreign or domestic. Ask your 
dealer for these Wares, and see that the manufacturer's stamp is on 
each piece. 

In Farming, Stock-Breeding, Household, and every 
Business; Money-Making Recipes: Staadard Infor- 
mation on the Keeping and Breeding of Cage Birds 
and Pet Stock; Valuable Poultry Information; 
Fine Illustrations, etc., etc., etc., is the contents of 

TELE GSTJtDE AJND FRIEND. 

Only 25 cents per year. Address 

MICHAEL K. BOYER & CO., 
P. O. Box 116, Reading, Pa. 

BIETHDAT -O-^IRIDS. 

On receipt of twelve 2-cent stamps I will mail four fine Birth- 
day, Christmas or New Year Cards, that retail anywhere at 
10 cents each. I manufacture cards and can undersell any 
dealer. Address JOHN G. ZOOK, 

Lititz, Pa. 

P. S.— Satisfaction guaranteed or money refunded. All 
kinds of Fancy Cards. 

THE FAKMEK SEEJDJSMAN. 

WHEAT, OATS, CORN and POTATOES, 

ALL KINDS 01 FARM SEEDS. 
PLYMOUTH ROCK EGGS. 9,000 EGGS shipped in four 
years for sitting. Also, WYANDOTTES. 
Write for what you want. I must have your trade. 

R. G. CRIST, 
Oakland Seed Farm, New Market, Ind. 



THE GREAT ONTARIO STRAWBERRY 

Is the largest berry, strongest plant, and best flavored of all. 
Send for description. Also, a large stock of the standard and 

for fall and next spring planting. 

FETJIT TREES.— A general assortment of healthy, well-grown 
trees. The South should order in the fall. Inquiries promptly 
answered. Send for prices. E. JOHNSTON, 

Shortsville, Ontario Co., 
New York. 

ESTABLISHED 1858. 

DAVENPORT NURSERIES, 

A 4 O ACRES. 

NICHOLS & LORTON, Proprietors- 

¥W1W, SF7TOE Tip 0OTMEN Wfih 5?REEg, 

APPLE, PEAR, PLUM and CHERRY SEEDLINGS. 

Jp^^ Special low prices on car load lots. Nursery one mile 
Northeast of East Davenport, Iowa. 

EVERGREEN AND DECIDUOUS 

TREES AND SEEDLINGS, 

STRA WBERRIES, RASPBERRIES, 

CURRANTS, GRAPE VINES. 

JpflT Im.na.em.se Steels:— Grrea,t "Variety. .jRH 
Free Catalogue. J. JENKINS' NURSERIES, 

Weuoua. Columbiana Co., Ohio. 



fl-owersfor. everybody! 

BEA.CH &. CO., Rose-Growers 

And FLORISTS, 901 South 9th Street, Richmond, Indiana, will forward 
their new and beautiful catalogue of Roses and general collection of 
Flowers and Ornamental Stock to any address upon receipt of stamp. 
Large Feld-grown, Ever-blooming Roses for falliplanting is our specially 
for this season. A full line of Greenhouse aud Garden Plants coustantly 
on hand. We guarantee all goods sent by mail or express to reach the 

fmrchaser in good gro wing condition. Our catalogue is handsomely il- 
ustrated and contains much valuable information. Send us a trial 
order. 



"POT-GROWN STRAWBERRY PLANTS." 

POT-GROWN STRAWBERRY PLANTS' 

Planted in July or August, will produce a full crop of berries 

the following season. On and after July 25, I shall 

have a choice lot of 

POT-OROWN PLANTS 

of all the leading sorts. Price during July and August, $3.00 

per hundred ; $20.00 per thousand. During September, $2.00 

per hundred ; $15.00 per thousand. No charge for packing. 

Address D. C. WIL.DEY, 

Box 273. Albany, N. Y. 

MT ARBOR NURSERY, 

SHENANDOAH, IOWA. 
NEW VARIETIES OF RUSSIAN FRUIT, 

Including APPLE, PEAR. APRICOT and MULBERRY. Choice 
varieties of GRAPES, RASPBERRIES and STRAWBERRIES. 

Special attention given to the packing and handling of all orders in- 
trusted to our care. 
T. E. B. MASON. 

THE WILLIAMSON NURSERY, 

NEA.R FRANKLIN, TENN^ 

Offers for sale a very choice stock of Apple, Peach, Pear, Oherry, Plum and 
Apricot Trees. Also, Strawberry, RasDberry and Grape Vines, Apple Seed- 
lings, etc., etc. Two new Winter Apples and one new and very fine Peach 
never before offered to the public. We grow our trees, etc., especially for the 
retail trade, and guarantee satisfaction to all who will care for their trees. 

Special inducements on large orders. Best of references given to unknown 
parties. Good Local Agents Wanted. Catalogues free. Correspondence 
solicited. Address Wm. Hy. SMITH, Proprietor, 

Leiper's Fork, Williamson Co., Tenn. 

— » LOMPOC NURSERY <€- 

COR. O STREET and OLIVE AVENUE. 
Headquarters of the 

IMZIC^TTZEIjITO gooseberby. 

The new California Seedling Plants ready for delivery fall of 
'86. Also, a general stock of FRUIT, ORNAMENTAL TREES, 
etc, WM. BARKER, 

Lompoc, California. 



PALMER'S MONTHLY, 

KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI. 
S. C. PALMER, Editor and Publisher. 

SUBSCRIPTION, $1.00 PER ANNUM. 

PALMER'S MONTHLY 

Is a large Sixteen-Page Monthry Pap -r, devoted to the 

INTERESTS OP NURSERYMEN, 

TREE AGENTS, and KINDRED AFFAIRS. 

Is the only Paper of its Class in America, and is 

intended to be a General Organ for 

the Trade. 

REGULAR RATES FOR 1885, $2.00 PER INCH. 
^jU Special contracts for advertising will be made to specialty ad- 
vertisers. Sample copies mailed free, which must be seen to be ap- 
preciated. GEO. P. ROWELL & CO., Agents, 

10 Spruce Street. New York. 

Catalogues of everything pertaining to the 

PLANT, SEE® 0<R NU<RSE<RY &USINESS. 

Catalogue of New, Rare and Beautiful Plants, issued in February, 
with a colored plate free to all customers. To others 10 cts. or a plain 
copy free. 

Catalogue of Roses. — All the novelties as well as standard sorts, well- 
grown Pot Plants, cheap. 

Catalogue of Orchids. — Cool, Intermediate and Tropical Orchids. An 
immense stock of well established plants. 

Cataogue of Seeds. — Seeds of the finest strain of single Dahlias, with 
all novelties of value among flowers and vegetables. These seeds are 
of the finest quality, fresh, pure, grown by myself or specially for me, 
or my importations. 

Catalogue of Fruits. — All the standard fruits, Pears, Apples, Peaches, 
Plums, Cherries, Standard and Dwarf, Grape Vines, Small Fruits, etc. 

Ornamental Trees, Evergreens, etc., of all sizes and in great variety 
for Parks, Lawns, Gardens, etc. Finest quality and lowest prices. 

Catalogues of Fruit Trees, Roses, Seeds and Orchids free. 

JOHN SAUL., 
Washington, D. C. 



LARGEST STOCK OF FRUIT TREES 

IN NORTH CAROLINA, 

At GUILFORD NURSERIES, Vandalla P. O., N. C, (near Greensboro). Con- 
sisting in part of the following : Apple, Peach, Pears of all the new and old 
varieties. Plums, Cherries, Apricots, Nectarines, Quinces, Almonds and the 
Nut-Bearing Trees Also, Ornamental Trees, Shrubbery, Evergreens, Grape of 
all the old and new, scarce and rare varieties, a large lot of Strawberry of 
twenty varieties. 

The proprietor received first premium on Apples and Peaches awarded at the 
8tate Fruit Fair in Greensboro, N. C, August 12 and 13, 1885, for the largest 
and best collection and finest display. Respectfully, 

G. L,. ANTHONY. 

THE WESTERN TRIBUNE, 

A FIRST-CLASS 32-COLUMN WEEKLY NEWSPAPER ! 

CHAS. EDWARD WILSON, Editor and Proprietor. 

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: One year, $1.50; six months, 75c; three months, 
50c in advance. 

BSr FTJLZ, AND RELIABLE MARKET REPORTS. "Wl 

The Tribune is printed from new type, on a new and improved 

Power Press. ftfJF' Advertising rates furnished on application. 
Address THE WESTERN TRIBUNE, 

Asheville, N. C. 

jfjie cepcap ww®R Wh% 

PUBLISHED EVERY THURSDAY AT 

EVERGREEN", (Conecuh County,) AI^V. 

J. W. DAVISON, Editor and Publishe.. 

The Official Journal of Conecuh county, and the best Adver- 
tising Medium in South Alabama. 

}gg- TERMS : «1.00 PER ANNUM, STRICTEY IN ADVANCE. _££ 

THE CONCORD TIMES, 

A WIDE-AWAKE, WEEKLY JOURNAL. 

8HERRILL BROS. «fc JLIJDWIG, I»ixl»lisliers. 

Published in one of the growing sections of North Carolina. 

Organ of the North Carolina State Grange. 

fW A Fine Premium will be Given to all New Subscribers. S£\ 
Terms : $1 .50 a year in advance. Sample copy free. Address, 

THE TIMES, Lock Box 39, 
Concord, N. C. 



*»- ESTABLISHED 1869. "«* 

FRUITLAND NURSERY, 

THOMAS J. WARD, Proprietor, 

ST. MARY'S, VIGO CO., INTV A full assortment of Nursery Stock always 
for sale In season, at LOWEST living rates. Apple and Russian Mulberry 
Trees and Raspberry Plants specialties. Also, Forest Tree Seeds. Price lists 
free to all wishing them. 

I also breed High Class Plymouth Rock and Black Cochin Fowls. Chicks, 
and Eggs for hatching, cheap in season. A ddress 

THOMAS J. WARD, 

St. Mary's, Vigo Co., Ind. 

Railroad, Mercantile and Pamphlet Printing 



OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, -fg^ 

B. F. BENNETT, - - - Atlanta, Georgia. 

All kinds Law Blanks for sale, u?ed by Attorneys, Clerks of Court and Jus- 
tices Peace. Send for the iron-clad note— waiving all exemptions and making 
wages subject to garnishment— 50 in book for 35 cents. 

Having the best outfit in the city, I guarantee the best work done here. Or- 
ders accompanied with cash will receive prompt attrition. 

THE TAR RIVER TALKER, 

99- A newspaper *devoted?to the" r material advancement of Eastern Caro- 
lina—democratic in principle and the people's friend. A splendid advertising 
medium. Subscription price $1.50 'per annum : $1.00 for six months, in ad- 
vance. George P. Hart, editor>nd proprietor. The only paper in Nash county. 

Address THE TALKER, Rocky Mount, N. U. 



C3-EO- IP- HART, 

ATTORNEY and COUNSELOR AT LAW, Rocky Mount, N. C. 

Practices in all courts,'both"State and.Federal. tt3B~ Collections a specialty. 

i-iisT of stocz:. 

Apple-grafted leading Southern varieties. About*20,000. $5.00 per 
thousand to the trade ; $7.50 at retail. Peach Seedlings a specialty. 
grown from the best seedling trees, with no yellows or disease — about 
100,000—$2.50 per thousand to the trade ; $3-50 per thousand at'retail. 
Best Peach Seed at 50 cents per bushel from seed stock Strawberries, 
leading sort, $2.00 per thousand to the trade. Raspberries, Grapes, 
etc., etc., cheaper than the cheapest. All packed and labeled true to 
name, and delivered at depot at above prices. 

MERRELL BROTHERS, Fruitland, N. C. 



That everyjfamily in the Southern States should have is 

TIHIIE " SOTJTS:iL,^.IsriD 7 " 

a large, handsome, 8-page, 48-column paper, devoted to the in- 
terest of the South. Only one dollar a year^ Address, 

SOUTHLAND, 

New Orleans, La. 

^ILi^T SOAP, 

The invention of a Practical Chemist; used for all cleansing 
purposes. 

FIL.IE© and MO8QUITO8 

will not stay where it is used. It does not poison them but drives 
them out— they simply get out and stay out. Pleasant! Harmless! 
Cheap ! Order one bar and be rid of all flies and mosquitos. 

A Bonanza for Agents. — Agents make $3.00 to $20.00 per day. We 
prepay all postage and express charges. One bar by mail, 15c ; one 
dozen bars by express, $1.00 ; one gross bars by express, $6.00. Ad- 
dress FLY SOAP MANUPAOTUKLNG CO., 

703 Preston St., Louisville, Ky. 

40 .tt.cres.| (BSTABliISHED 1879.) 4=3 Acxea 

OLD RELIABLE BUCKEYE POULTRY, YARD. 

C. HARRIS, Proprietor, Columbus, Ohio, 

Breeder, of following varieties— each a ^specialty : Wyaadottes, Plymouth 
Rocks, Langshans, Buff and Partridge Cochins, Light Brahmas, Hose-Combed 
American Dominiques, White-CresteU Black Polish, vVhite ana Brown Leghorn, 
.fit Games. Mammoth Bronze Turkeys, i*ekin and Rouen Ducks— (pedigreed.) 

Berkshire Pigs, ^o.'jO each, at 8 weeks old ; limited number, riend for circu- 
lar and mention seeing ad. in this book. 

TOWbK HILL NURSERIES. 

g/£~ (FIFTEEN YEARS ESTABLISHED.) 



A fine stock of APPLE, PLUM, PEAR, PEACH, ORNA- 
MENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, ROSES, ETC. SMALL 
FRUITS* A SPElJLaLTx\ Low for cash, or exchange 
for other stock, fciend for circular and price list. 

ARMSTRONG & CO., 
.Lawrence. Mass. 



